双低菜籽粕对草鱼和鲤甲状腺、肝、肾组织结构的影响

以组织学方法,研究了投喂不同含量双低菜籽粕对草鱼和鲤甲状腺、肝、肾组织的影响。结果表明:在试验的前28 d,双低菜籽粕各不同含量的日粮(17%、34%、51%、68%)对草鱼甲状腺、肝脏组织没有影响,但菜籽粕含量为68%的试验组草鱼肾小管上皮出现颗粒变性。第42天后,菜籽粕含量为68%的试验组草鱼甲状腺滤泡上皮轻度增生,滤泡结构不规则;菜籽粕含量等于或大于51%的试验组草鱼肝脏出现颗粒变性和空泡变性,肾小球有透明变性,肾脏轻度淤血。在试验的第28天,双低菜籽粕含量等于或大于52.2%的试验组鲤甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的高度增加,肝细胞空泡变性,有轻微的肾小球透明变性。第42天后菜籽粕含量等于或大于34.8%的试验组鲤甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的高度增加,滤泡胶质的边缘出现缺刻;肝脏出现淤血,部分肝细胞坏死;肾小球透明变性,肾脏淤血。     

基于ICESat-GLAS数据和回波仿真原理识别森林类型

[目的]利用星载激光雷达波形数据对森林类型识别时,受地形、噪声和林层结构等因素影响,针叶林、阔叶林和混交林森林类型识别精度较低,为提高森林类型识别精度,需提取与森林类型相关的波形特征参数.[方法]结合回波仿真原理与林分冠层特征对GLAS回波波形进行理论分析,提出了与森林类型相关的波形特征参数147R-cafit-、K1...     

湘西山地区域不同移栽期气象因子对烤烟‘HN2146’农艺性状的影响

为探明主要气象因子对山地烤烟生长发育进程的限制与影响,优化烤烟移栽期,通过连续3 a的烤烟主栽品种‘HN2146’的不同移栽期大田试验,探索移栽期变化规律,研究日照、降水量及温度与烤烟生长的关系。结果表明：株高、茎围与烤烟移栽期中等相关,中部叶长和中部叶面积与它强相关;同时T1(4月12日、4月19日、4月26日)移栽的烤烟株高、茎围和叶面积最大,相比于其他4个时期的平均值增幅分别为6.14%±2.98%、5.35%±1.69%、19.38%±5.83%。简单相关分析表明,≥12℃有效积温、降水量、日照时数3种气象因子两两之间均呈极显著正相关,而且与多数农艺性状指标均呈极显著相关;典型相关分析结果表明,农艺性状与气象因子存在极显著的典型相关关系,烤烟不同移栽期主要影响降水量与≥12℃有效积温及叶数和中部叶长的大小;主成分分析结果显示,第一主成分说明调节不同烤烟移栽期能改善气象因子与烤烟农艺性状,在效应上具有相似的特点。第二主成分说明不同烤烟移栽期在影响气象因子与农艺性状上的主要差异是上部叶面积、上部叶长、中部叶面积、茎围、株高、≥12℃有效积温的变化。因此,从农艺性状看,4月12日、4...     

长江流域发展机采棉的现状与展望

分析了目前国际国内形势复杂变化的情况下,发展长江流域机采棉产业的现状和必要性,明确了长江流域发展机采棉的优势,分析了机采棉推广面临的问题与挑战,探讨了长江流域机采棉发展的战略。对以下几个方面提出合理化建议：长江流域机采棉发展区域化优化布局;充分利用本区域冬闲田发展小麦、油菜作物;在长江流域两湖（洞庭湖、鄱阳湖）两江（长江、汉江）近700000 hm2滩涂旱地宜棉区扩大种植棉油（麦）双直播双机采;形成以棉增油、棉油双稳的格局。     

玉米高密度SNP遗传图谱构建及其秃尖QTL定位

[目的]构建在秃尖性状上存在明显差异的玉米高密度SNP遗传图谱,并对其秃尖QTL进行定位,为玉米秃尖分子机理研究及玉米抗秃尖品种选育提供理论参考.[方法]以无秃尖性状的自交系S群411331为母本、有秃尖性状的自交系综53313为父本,通过杂交和自交获得F2代群体.利用容量达10K的分子芯片获取大量SNP分子标记,从中筛选出具有多态性的SNP分子标记,构建F2代群体的高密度遗传图谱,并结合秃尖表型数据,分别采用QTL定位软件Rqtl和QTL.gCIMapping.GUI 1.1对相应的秃尖QTL位点进行鉴定及定位.[结果]F2代群体的平均秃尖长度为4.25 cm,说明其秃尖性状更偏向于父本综53313,秃尖整体较长,且秃尖变幅为0~6.1 cm,偏度和峰度值均位于-1.00~1.00,符合数量性状的分布特征.从2612个多态SNP分子标记中共筛选出2599个SNP分子标记成功构建遗传连锁图谱,总图距5624.38 cM,标记间平均距离2.27 cM.利用Rqtl共检测到6个QTL,分别位于第3、4、5、6、8和9染色体,其中加性效应和显性效应最大的2个QTL分别位于第6和8染色体,解释遗传变异的14.4%和16.3%.利用QTL.gCIMapping.GUI 1.1共检测到9个QTL,分别位于第1、4、5、6、8和9染色体,显性效应和加性效应最大的2个QTL分别位于第6和8染色体,与Rqtl检测结果相比,二者均在第8和9染色体的同一位置检测到1个QTL,在第5染色体检测到的QTL位置也较邻近,且效应最大的2个QTL均位于第6和8染色体;不同之处在于Rqtl在各染色体上只检测到1个QTL,而QTL.gCI-Mapping.GUI 1.1在第6和8染色体分别检测到2和3个QTL,在第1染色体检测到1个QTL,在第3染色体未检测到QTL,而Rqtl检测出的第1和3染色体QTL情况相反.[结论]玉米秃尖QTL分别位于第1、3、4、5、6、8和9染色体,其中主效QTL在第6和8染色体.     

OCX-32基因内含子变异对长顺绿壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质的影响

[目的]探讨OCX-32基因对长顺绿壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质的遗传效应,为长顺绿壳蛋鸡的保种选育及开发利用提供参考依据.[方法]以长顺绿壳蛋鸡为材料,采用PCR产物直接测序法筛选OCX-32基因SNP多态位点,实时荧光定量PCR检测组织表达谱,运用SPSS 19.0广义线性模型(GLM)分析SNP位点基因型或双倍型与所测定性状指标的相关性.[结果]在长顺绿壳蛋鸡OCX-32基因中检测到3个SNPs位点,分别是位于内含子1上的g.22592323G>T及内含子3上的g.22597350T>C和g.22597555G>A.卡方(χ2)检测结果发现,g.22597350T>C位点的基因型分布显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.05,下同).连锁不平衡分析结果显示,3个SNPs突变位点不存在强连锁不平衡,共发现4种单倍型和8种双倍型,单倍型H1和双倍型H1H2频率最高,分别为0.523和0.345.实时荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,OCX-32基因在长顺绿壳蛋鸡12个组织中存在不同程度的表达,表达量排序为肾脏>心脏>子宫>腹脂>小肠>脾脏>肝脏>腺胃>胸肌>胰腺>肺脏>肌胃.关联分析结果显示,g.22597350T>C位点CC基因型在蛋壳强度和蛋壳重2个品质指标上显著高于CT基因型和TT基因型;双倍型H4H4个体的蛋壳强度显著高于其他7种双倍型个体,蛋壳重显著高于H2H4个体.[结论]OCX-32基因内含子变异能影响长顺绿壳蛋鸡蛋壳品质,检测到的3个SNPs位点可作为鸡蛋壳品质选择的遗传分子标记,其中突变位点g.22597350T>C的CC基因型和双倍型H4H4是影响蛋壳强度和蛋壳重的关键基因型和双倍型,有利改善蛋壳品质.     

A novel glycoside hydrolase 74 xyloglucanase CvGH74A is a virulence factor in Coniella vitis

Grape white rot is a destructive fungal disease occurring worldwide. Recently, Coniella vitis was identified as the predominant pathogen causing this disease in China. As the periderms of grape shoots are severely degraded by C. vitis, it was speculated that cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) might play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the hydrolytic activity of the CWDEs of C. vitis. The results showed that xylanase (Xy) and xyloglucanase (XEG) had high levels of hydrolytic activity both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a high-virulence fungal strain exhibited higher levels of Xy and XEG activities compared with a low-virulence strain. The genome of the fungus was found to harbor two XEG-coding genes CvGH74A and CvGH74B, which belonged to the glycoside hydrolase (GH)74 family. The expression level of CvGH74A was found to be high during pathogen infection. CvGH74A gene deletion mutants were generated using the split-marker method. The deletion of CvGH74A decreased both the hydrolytic activities of XEG and Xy and also the ability of the fungus to infect the grape leaves. No differences in the hyphal growth, morphology of colonies, or conidiation were found between the ΔCvGH74A mutant strains and the wild-type strain. Together, these results suggested that CvGH74A acted as an important virulence factor, and its enzymatic activity might regulate the virulence of the pathogen. This study was novel in reporting that GH74 XEG acted as a virulence factor in C. vitis.     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

间作香露兜提高槟榔根系生长和土壤酶活性

采用盆栽试验的方法,对槟榔单作、香露兜单作和槟榔间作香露兜3种栽培模式下根系生长发育和土壤酶活性进行比较研究。结果表明：槟榔间作香露兜促进了槟榔干物质累积,且分配到根系的干物质相对增多,地下部干物质质量显著增加,对香露兜的影响不显著;间作后显著增加槟榔叶片SPAD值,对香露兜无显著影响;间作模式下槟榔总根长、根系总表面积、根数目显著增多,分别比单作增加了78.64%、50.96%、81.22%,而且间作对槟榔根系生长发育的促进作用大于香露兜;槟榔间作香露兜后,土壤酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均显著高于槟榔单作,土壤脲酶与槟榔单作无显著差异,但显著低于香露兜单作;土壤过氧化物酶活性与根数目和根体积呈显著正相关。综上所述,槟榔与香露兜根系之间竞争较小,与槟榔单作相比,槟榔间作香露兜模式能够促进槟榔根系生长,提高土壤酶活性。     

茶园土壤-茶树-茶叶-茶汤中镉转移规律及安全性评价

为论证镉污染土壤种植茶树的安全性与可行性,通过盆钵茶园试验研究了湖南9个主栽茶树品种在不同镉含量土壤中对镉的吸收积累特性和茶汤中镉元素的浸出率。结果表明,在pH值4.1的土壤中,通过根系吸收的镉元素从根系到主干,再到侧枝枝干和茶树叶片的转运过程中,各器官的镉含量依次递减,茶树嫩芽(叶)中镉的富集系数仅0.13~0.24;茶树种植在土壤镉含量低于3.0 mg/kg的土壤中,茶叶没有出现镉超标现象;镉元素在茶汤中的平均浸出率为9.87%,利用膳食暴露风险评估模型对茶叶和茶汤中的镉含量进行风险评估,表明供试茶叶样品中的镉不会对人体健康产生威胁。