几种针叶树种引种试验研究

对20世纪80年代引种到湖北宜昌大老岭林场的北美、西欧、日本原产优良工业用材针叶树种的生长适应性等进行了研究.结果表明,欧洲云杉、日本冷杉表现突出,后期生长较快,后8 a年平均高生长都超过50 cm;欧洲赤松不同种源差异显著,其中优良种源在本地区有一定发展可能,法国奥尔良种源可作为优良种源进行推广;花旗松生长适应性较差,不经严格的再选择,难以直接大量引种.     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.     

PBAT生物降解地膜与加厚型塑料地膜降解性能及对番茄生长的影响

为筛选出易降解或易回收,对环境污染小,适宜在番茄生产中应用的地膜,研究了PBAT生物降解地膜与0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜的差异性,以0.010 mm普通塑料地膜作为对照,对比了各种地膜的降解周期,以及对番茄生长和产量的影响。试验结果表明:在影响植株长势方面,3种地膜对番茄植株株高、茎粗、叶片数的影响差异不显著;在影响作物产量方面,覆盖0.012 mm地膜的番茄产量最高,其次是PBAT生物降解地膜,覆盖0.010 mm塑料地膜番茄产量最低;在地膜降解性能方面,PBAT生物降解地膜降解性能较强,0.012 mm加厚型塑料地膜韧性强,不易破碎,有利于后期回收利用,0.010 mm塑料地膜韧性差,不利于回收;建议生产中根据实际气候、土壤、作物等条件选择适宜的PBAT生物降解地膜或加厚型塑料地膜。     

枸杞炭疽病生防菌株筛选、生物功能测定及防治效果

为研发对枸杞炭疽病有良好防治效果的生防制剂,利用枸杞炭疽病菌Colletotrichum acutatum对实验室已分离保存的芽胞杆菌菌株进行室内筛选,并对拮抗效果较好的菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定、病原菌孢子萌发抑制试验、生物学功能测定、稳定性测定、抑菌谱测定以及室内离体防治效果试验和田间防治效果试验。结果表明,菌株F3A对枸杞炭疽病菌有较好的拮抗作用,对枸杞炭疽病菌菌丝的抑制率为62.13%;结合形态学特征、16S rDNA以及gyrA基因序列分析,将菌株F3A鉴定为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis;菌株F3A具有溶解有机磷和无机磷的能力,在含色氨酸和不含色氨酸的金氏培养液中产吲哚乙酸量分别为5.76 mg/L和5.74 mg/L;菌株F3A产蛋白酶和葡聚糖酶的活性较高;菌株F3A连续培养20代后,对枸杞炭疽病菌的抑制率为61.21%,该菌对棉花枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vesinfectum、番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani、黄瓜枯萎病菌F.oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum、番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、番茄叶霉病菌Cladosporium fulvum、茄子菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和黄芪根腐病菌F.solani的抑制率分别为40.71%、53.58%、32.00%、53.00%、79.27%、71.13%和66.08%;菌株F3A发酵液的保护作用明显优于治疗作用,菌株F3A发酵液1倍稀释液室内预防效果为90.32%;喷施菌株F3A发酵液1倍稀释液3 d和7 d后的田间防治效果分别为78.26%和63.19%。表明菌株F3A有作为开发枸杞炭疽病生物农药的潜力。     

Effects of cardiac contractility modulation on ventricular electrical remodeling in rabbits with chronic heart failure

AIM: To investigate the effects of cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) on ventricular electrical remodeling in a rabbit model of chronic heart failure. METHODS: The rabbits were divided into sham group, heart failure(HF) group and HF+ CCM group. The rabbit model of chronic heart failure was established by ligating the ascending aortic root. Then electrical stimulations during the absolute refractory period were delivered lasting 6 h everyday for 4 weeks in rabbits of HF+ CCM group. The QTc and ventricular effective refrective period (VERP) were recorded. The protein and mRNA levels of Kv1.4, Kv4.3 and connexin 43 (Cx43) were determined by Western blot and RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Compared with sham group, QTc were significantly prolonged in HF rabbits at week 12 (P<0.05). CCM therapy shortened QTc of rabbits with heart failure at week 16 (P<0.05). Compared with sham group, VERP significantly increased in HF group and HF+ CCM group, while CCM therapy shortened VERP of rabbits with heart failure at week 16 (P<0.05). Compared with sham group, the mRNA and protein levels of Kv1.4, Kv4.3 and Cx43 were decreased in HF group and HF+ CCM group (P<0.05). However, CCM therapy restored the mRNA and protein levels of Kv1.4, Kv4.3 and Cx43 of rabbits with heart failure (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: CCM suppresses ventricular electrical remodeling in heart failure and the underlying mechanism may be associated with increasing Kv1.4, Kv4.3 and Cx43 expression.     

杉木全同胞家系的遗传分析及重要树冠因子的筛选

通过对5年生杉木6×6全双列杂交(Griffing Ⅲ)试验林的调查与分析,研究杉木若干性状的遗传与变异规律,并筛选决定理想株型的重要树冠结构因子,为杂交育种和杉木理想株型无性系选育提供科学依据。运用转化分析法来处理不平衡试验数据,结合配合力分析法、相关分析法和通径分析法,研究杉木遗传变异、基因作用方式和重要树冠因子的选择。通过对杉木若干性状进行研究,获得了不同性状遗传变异大小。结果表明,杉木材积、枝下高和饱满度等性状具有中度遗传变性,树高、胸径具有窄的遗传变异性,同时杉木改良性状具有中度以上的遗传力,因此杉木生长形质性状宜采用连续多世代改良;在杉木生长、形质性状和树冠结构性状中,12个研究性状有8个重要性状的基因作用方式以非加性遗传基因效应为主,杉木高世代育种亲本是多世代与高强度选择的产物,杂合体居多,杉木的多性状、高世代遗传改良以杂交育种为主;生长、形质和树冠结构性状间具有明显的遗传相关性,通径分析揭示:决定杉木理想株型育种中重要树冠结构性状是冠形率和树冠表面积大小。由此可见:杉木多性状、多世代连续改良以杂交育种为主,杉木无性系理想株型选择时,应注重冠形率和树冠表面积的作用。     

胡麻亚麻酸含量的遗传分析

亚麻酸是胡麻脂肪酸组成的主要成分,也是胡麻品质改良的主要目标。为深入研究胡麻亚麻酸含量的遗传规律,基于6个世代遗传群体(P_1、F_1、P_2、B_(1:2)、B_(2:2)、F_(2:3)),采用数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析胡麻亚麻酸含量的遗传模式。结果表明,胡麻亚麻酸含量符合1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型,主基因的加性效应在亚麻酸含量的遗传控制中具有重要贡献;B_(1:2)、B_(2:2)和F_(2:3)世代主基因遗传率分别为33.59%、46.95%和53.92%,多基因遗传率分别为25.60%、19.35%和14.43%;通过群体品质分析,筛选出高亚麻酸材料15份,高含油量材料7份,这些优异材料为胡麻品质育种奠定了良好的基础。     

原薯制浆机机理与性能试验

针对原薯在传统制浆方式中存在的块茎破裂面积大、淀粉及其营养物质游离率高和薯类风味物质流失的缺陷,对原薯制浆的机理进行研究,优化设计了具有二次剪切、有序破碎功能的原薯制浆机,并进行相关性能研究试验。研究结果表明:采用二次剪切破碎技术,可以有效降低淀粉游离率;二次剪切的切割刀头转速越高,浆料粒度减小;出料筛网孔径尺寸对浆料的粒度和淀粉游离率影响最大。      

电子束辐照杀菌对罗非鱼片冷藏期和感官品质的影响

【目的】研究电子束辐照对罗非鱼片冷藏期间相关生物学指标和感官品质的影响,为冰鲜罗非鱼片物理冷杀菌保鲜提供参考。【方法】鲜活宰杀的罗非鱼片经0,2,4,8 kGy不同剂量电子束辐照后于4℃冷藏18 d,于0,4,11,18 d测菌落总数、大肠菌群、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、色泽、鱼肉硬度、嗅感、pH值。同时对10 kGy电子束辐照灭菌的罗非鱼肉糜接种病原菌(大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌),检测0,0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,2 kGy电子束辐照后病原菌的存活率,确定电子束辐照D_(10)值。【结果】鲜活宰杀的罗非鱼片带菌量较高,菌落总数达1.6×10~6 CFU/g,且大肠菌群、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌都有检出。电子束辐照杀灭病原菌效果良好,大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血弧菌的D_(10)值均小于0.5 kGy。电子束辐照可显著抑制鱼片冷藏期间菌落总数增幅,减缓鱼肉硬度降幅。综合考虑感官品质因素,以4 kGy辐照保鲜罗非鱼片效果最佳。4 kGy辐照结合4℃冷藏,11 d时罗非鱼片无大肠菌群、沙门氏菌、副溶血弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌检出,TVBN含量为20.91 mg/hg,嗅感显著优于未辐照处理和8 kGy辐照处理。【结论】用4 kGy电子束辐照可有效延长罗非鱼片冷藏时间,提高冷藏品质,4℃下可保鲜11 d。     

丹江口水源涵养区退耕还草土壤线虫群落变化特征

为评估丹江口水源涵养区退耕还草的土壤生态效应,2017年9月,选取3块同一土壤类型、退耕3年的紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）草地作为退耕还草的代表样地,以相邻未退耕的玉米（Zea Mays）田为对照,比较分析退耕还草土壤线虫群落的变化特征。结果表明：退耕还草样地0~10 cm土层含水量显著提高15.86%（P<0.05）,pH值显著降低5.06%（P<0.05）;10~20 cm土层pH值显著降低4.57%（P<0.05）,有效磷含量显著降低26.83%（P<0.05）。退耕种植紫花苜蓿草地共鉴定出土壤线虫18 307条,49个属,未退耕玉米田共鉴定出土壤线虫10 706条,45个属,退耕还草后土壤线虫c-p类群由短世代型向长世代型转移,土壤环境受到扰动降低,土壤线虫群落的多样性和稳定性增加,结构指数（SI）和富集指数（EI）表明退耕还草提高了土壤健康程度,同时降低了土壤所受的干扰程度。土壤线虫数量与土壤pH值、含水量、全氮和硝态氮含量呈极显著相关（P<0.01）;食细菌线虫和食真菌线虫相对丰度与土壤有效磷含量呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,植物寄生性线虫和捕/杂食线虫相对丰度与有机碳和铵态氮含量呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,与全氮含量呈显著相关（P<0.05）。研究表明,退耕还草改变了土壤pH值及全氮、有效磷养分含量,改变了土壤线虫群落结构和多样性,提升了土壤健康水平。