Bahiagrass crop coefficients from eddy correlation measurements in central Florida

Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) is a warm-season grass used primarily in pastures and along highways and other low maintenance public areas in Florida. It is also used in landscapes to some extent because of its drought tolerance. Bahiagrass can survive under a range of moisture conditions from no irrigation to very wet conditions. Its well-watered consumptive use has not been reported previously. In this study, bahiagrass crop coefficients (K _c) for an irrigated pasture were determined for July 2003 through December 2006 in central Florida. The eddy correlation method was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) rates. The standardized reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) equation (ASCE-EWRI standardization of reference evapotranspiration task committee report, 2005) was applied to calculate ET_o values using on site weather data. Daily K _c values were estimated from the ratio of the measured ET_c and the calculated ET_o. The recommended K _c values for bahiagrass are 0.35 for January–February, 0.55 for March, 0.80 for April, 0.90 for May, 0.75 for June, 0.70 for July–August, 0.75 for September, 0.70 for October, 0.60 for November, and 0.45 for December in central Florida. The highest K _c value of 0.9 in May corresponded with maximum vapor pressure deficit conditions as well as cloud free conditions and the highest incoming solar radiation as compared to the rest of the year. During the summer (June to August), frequent precipitation events increased the cloud cover and reduced grass water use. The K _c annual trend was similar to estimated K _c values from another well-watered warm-season grass study in Florida.     

Evaluating eddy covariance cotton ET measurements in an advective environment with large weighing lysimeters

Eddy covariance (EC) systems are being used to assess the accuracy of remote sensing methods in mapping surface sensible and latent heat fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET) from local to regional scales, and in crop coefficient development. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the accuracy of EC systems in measuring sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) fluxes. For this purpose, two EC systems were installed near large monolithic weighing lysimeters, on irrigated cotton fields in the Texas High Plains, during the months of June and July 2008. Sensible and latent heat fluxes were underestimated with an average error of about 30%. Most of the errors were from nocturnal measurements. Energy balance (EB) closure was 73.2–78.0% for daytime fluxes. Thus, daylight fluxes were adjusted for lack of EB closure using the Bowen ratio/preservation of energy principle, which improved the resulting EC heat flux agreement with lysimetric values. Further adjustments to EC-based ET included nighttime ET (composite) incorporation, and the use of ‘heat flux source area’ (footprint) functions to compensate ET when the footprint expanded beyond the crop field boundary. As a result, ET values remarkably matched lysimetric ET values, with a ‘mean bias error ± root mean square error’ of −0.03 ± 0.5 mm day⁻¹ (or −0.6 ± 10.2%).     

Estimation of actual evapotranspiration for a drip-irrigated Merlot vineyard using a three-source model

A study was performed in order to evaluate the three-source model (Clumped model) for direct estimation of actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) and latent heat flux (LE) over a drip-irrigated Merlot vineyard trained on a vertical shoot positioned system (VSP) under semi-arid conditions. The vineyard, with an average fractional cover of 30%, is located in the Talca Valley, Region del Maule, Chile. The performance of the Clumped model was evaluated using an eddy covariance system during the 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 growing seasons. Results indicate that the Clumped model was able to predict ET_a with a root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), and model efficiency (EF) of 0.33, −0.15 mm day⁻¹ and 74%, respectively. Also, the Clumped model simulated the daytime variation of LE with a RMSE of 36 W m⁻², MBE of −8 W m⁻², and EF of 83%. Major disagreement (underestimated values) between observed and estimated values of ET_a was found for clear days after rainfall or foggy days, but underestimated values were less than 10% of the data analysis. The results obtained in this study indicate that the Clumped model could be used to directly estimate vine water requirements for a drip-irrigated vineyard trained on a VSP. However, application of the Clumped model requires a good characterization of the drip-irrigated vineyard architecture.     

青贮玉米收获机打捆装置自动控制系统设

青贮玉米收获机可在玉米摘穗的同时,将切碎的秸秆打成圆捆,以便于青贮.为提高作业效率、简化机手操作流程,设计了一套喂料与送绳自动控制系统,该系统由传感检测元件、控制电路及执行机构3部分组成.采用四路换向开关作为传感检测元件,并结合RS去抖电路,可有效提高控制系统工作可靠性.执行元件为两电磁离合器,接收控制电路的输出信号,完成对喂料和送绳过程的实时控制.试验表明:该系统工作安全、可靠,料捆成捆率达到1009%;与手动控制方式相比,有效强化了料捆密度控制的准确性,使机具的作业效率提高20%.     

基于双目立体视觉的苗期玉米株形测

将田间正常生长的待测玉米植株带土移至测定台上,标定双目立体视觉系统,提取、分割叶片图像,以Douglas-Peucker多边形法逼近叶片边缘,去除两幅对应图像中没有匹配关系的多边形顶点,结合投影矩阵计算出叶片边缘点的三维坐标.分别投影叶片边缘点到植株平面和植株水平平面,对投影的离散点分段二次拟合、Cardinal样条插值,得到代表叶片形状的曲线,计算出叶长、叶片着生高度、茎叶夹角、叶片方位角等株形指标.测量实验表明,本方法快速、准确、自动化程度高,能够满足苗期玉米株形测量的要求.     

电液伺服遥操纵机器人主-从位置控制器

针对电液伺服遥操纵机器人主-从双向伺服位置控制中存在的非线性和不确定性,提出主-从侧分别使用带干扰观测器的最优控制和有鲁棒补偿的PD反馈控制算法,以克服主动侧各液压缸因动态特性差异造成的位置跟随误差和从动侧外界环境的随机干扰对系统稳定性的影响.分别设计了观测器跟踪扰动的二次型控制器和有动态鲁棒补偿的位置控制器,通过仿真和试验验证了所设计控制器的有效性.试验结果表明,所设计的位置控制器,既提高了主-从位置跟随精度,又具有较强的自适应性和鲁棒性;提高了力反馈电液伺服遥操纵机器人系统的操作性.     

果树冠层参数实时检测系统

为了降低农药喷施环境污染和提高水果品质,实现果园果树仿形精确喷雾,建立了一套果树冠层参数的实时检测系统.该系统主要由作物识别系统、车辆姿态系统、主控单元和数据记录单元组成,采用CAN总线进行数据通信.对5棵临近的绿篱树进行了初步的靶标距离检测试验,试验重复3次.采用4个超声波传感器分时检测,拖拉机前进速度为0.3m/s,系统采样速率为5次/s.试验表明,系统能可靠地按一定的采样速率,实时检测和记录系统载体车辆位置、姿态(地面平整度)和果树靶标的距离等数据,为精确仿形喷雾提供了一个较好的喷雾控制平台.     

基于温度-含氧量的全自动堆肥通风控制系统设计

采用工业计算机和下位机的监测控制方式,开发了基于温度-含氧量的全自动堆肥通风控制系统,并实现了软硬件的配套设计.运行试验表明:采用该工艺堆肥,时间一般为2周,高温期(55～65℃)可维持9 d以上,能有效杀灭病原微生物,产品稳定性好;可在整个堆肥过程中实现自动在线监控堆体温度、含氧量和湿度,运行稳定.     

超声波处理对小麦胚芽球蛋白理化和功能性质的影

采用超声波处理小麦胚芽球蛋白以提高其功能性质.研究了超声波处理对小麦胚芽球蛋白理化和功能性质的影响.结果表明:经超声波处理后,小麦胚芽球蛋白的巯基和二硫键含量、紫外光谱和荧光光谱均发生了显著的变化.随着超声波功率的增加,小麦胚芽球蛋白的疏水性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性都降低;当超声波功率大于900 W时,由于小麦胚芽球蛋白重新伸展,疏水基团暴露增多,引起疏水性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性增加.此外.超声波功率对小麦胚芽球蛋白的溶解度有显著影响,随着超声波功率的增加其溶解度明显增加.因此,通过选择适宜的超声波功率水平能够改善小麦胚芽球蛋白的理化和功能性质.     

发酵方法对柿果醋中香气成分的影

采用顶空固相微萃取法、结合气相色谱质谱联用技术,对自然发酵和常规发酵柿果醋中香气成分进行了分离与分析比较,分别从2种柿果醋中分离鉴定出挥发性化合物63种,均含有酯类、羧酸类、醇类、烃类、醛酮类、酚类及少量其他化合物.常规发酵柿果醋香气成分中含有酯类33.78%、醇类32.38%和烃类1.08%,高于自然发酵柿果醋的含量;自然发酵柿果醋香气成分中含有羧酸类61.25%、醛酮类9.66%和酚类6.13%,高于常规发酵柿果醋的含量.采用常规发酵法生产的柿果醋具有较好的感官质量.