奶牛α_s-酪蛋白多克隆抗体的制备、纯化及鉴定

本试验旨在制备高纯度和特异性的奶牛αs-酪蛋白多克隆抗体,为鉴定奶牛乳腺合成的αs-酪蛋白提供试验材料。选用4只健康新西兰大白兔,每2周免疫1次奶牛αs-酪蛋白,待血清达到抗体效价后,对兔进行颈动脉放血并分离血清,利用饱和硫酸铵法和蛋白A树脂纯化抗体,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和免疫印迹(Western-blot)法分别用于鉴定纯化后抗体的纯度和特异性。结果表明,经过饱和硫酸铵法和蛋白A树脂2步纯化后得到了纯度较高的抗体,同时可以特异性结合奶牛αs-酪蛋白。本试验制得的抗体可以用于鉴定奶牛乳腺合成的αs-酪蛋白,为进一步研究奶牛αs-酪蛋白合成的调控提供了有效的科研材料。     

四川紫色丘陵农区坡耕地饲草种植模式及效益

把饲草作为主要作物引入耕作制,通过3年3重复随机区组定位试验研究,构建适于四川紫色丘陵区坡耕地应用的粮饲高效种植模式。结果表明,冬季以小麦为主,间套黑麦草、燕麦等冬季饲草,夏季以苏丹草、菊苣等夏季饲草为主的种植模式与对照麦/玉/苕种植模式相比,能够稳定小麦籽粒产量,8～9倍的提高饲草鲜产,提高50%以上的可饲用干物产出,提高粗蛋白产出1倍以上,增加产值30%以上。冬季以小麦为主,间套黑麦草、燕麦等冬季饲草,夏季以苏丹草、菊苣等夏季饲草为主的种植模式能在稳定粮食产量的同时,大幅提高紫色丘陵区旱坡耕地饲料产出,为区域畜牧业发展提供优质饲料保障,是适用于该区域的可持续高效旱坡地种植模式。     

Application of molybdenum fertilizer enhanced quality and production of alfalfa in northern China under non-irrigated conditions

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micro-mineral nutrient for plant growth and development. As an important legume forage, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is frequently planted in marginal lands of northern China where water scarcity and infertile soil are limiting factors for alfalfa production. Mo plays an important role in nitrogen (N) metabolism in general and N fixation in legume species in particular. To evaluate the role of Mo fertilizer in alfalfa quality and production in semi-arid areas of northern China, we conducted a three-year field experiment in Inner Mongolia from 2012 to 2014. Mo fertilizer at the doses of 0, 150 g hm^?2, 300 g hm^?2yr^?1 was applied consecutively across the three years. Application of Mo at 300 g hm^?2yr^?1 significantly increased dry yield of alfalfa in 2014. Crude protein (CP) content of alfalfa without application of Mo exhibited a decline trend from 2012 to 2014. Application of Mo significantly enhanced total CP in 2012 and 2014, and delayed the reduction in total CP across the three years. In contrast to CP, Mo fertilizer had no significant effects on neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content. In addition, we found that nitrate reductase activity of alfalfa was increased by Mo fertilizer, which may account for the enhanced CP content in alfalfa. These findings highlight that application of Mo fertilizer can be an effective way to improve alfalfa production and quality in semi-arid areas in northern China.     

内生菌螺旋毛壳抗生素和水解酶的协同抗真菌作用

 生防因子螺旋毛壳(Chaetomium spirale) ND35生长于含立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)菌丝细胞壁制备物的SM培养基中,从培养滤液提取的粗酶液强烈抑制Valsa sordida、Valsa mali、Glomerella cingulata和Curvulavia lunata病原真菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发。经DNS法检测,粗酶液同时具有β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(包括内切和外切酶)和几丁质酶活性,分别为0.19 U.mg-1和0.09 U.mg-1。生长于3%玉米粉浸渍液的螺旋毛壳ND35的培养滤液也能抑制上述病原菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发。离体条件下检测了ND35产生的一纯化的具有分子量为73 kD的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLUC73)和一纯化的抗生素对苹果炭疽病菌的分生孢子萌发和芽管延长的抑制效果。当内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶使用浓度为180 μg·mL^-1时,抑制了测试真菌的孢子萌发,造成细胞壁的改变,导致了菌丝顶端的破裂;抗生素的有效抑菌中浓度ED₅₀为1.75 μg·mL^-1。单独应用时,1.0 μg·mL^-1的抗生素或40 μg·mL^-1的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶没有或仅有很低的抑菌效果;两者组合导致孢子萌发约78%受抑制。甚至10 μg·mL^-1的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶也使1.5 μg·mL^-1抗生素的抑菌作用从低于25%增加到超过50%的抑菌效果。此外,80 μg·mL^-1的内切β-1,3-葡聚糖酶使1.0 μg·mL^-1抗生素的抑菌活性从0%提高到90%。抗生素和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的协同抗菌活性可能在内生菌螺旋毛壳的植病生防中起重要作用。     

全球变暖背景下中国北方沙尘暴变化及其对黄土高原成壤的影响研究

黄土的风成说表明粉尘黄土沉积及其成壤与沙尘暴之间存在着密切的联系,作为粉尘搬运的典型:沙尘暴是一种在强冷空气条件下粉尘快速而大规模被搬运和沉降事件,而长时间尺度的沙尘暴事件受全球气候变化的控制和影响;同时,沙尘暴发生的频次和强度变化进而会影响黄土高原地区的黄土粉尘沉积及其成壤强度的变化。本文是在考察中国北方沙尘暴成因机制与黄土高原粉尘沉积和成壤之间关系的基础上,探讨了在全球持续变暖背景下中国北方沙尘暴的发生频次变化及其对黄土高原地区粉尘沉积和成壤强度的可能影响。主要结论是:在全球持续变暖的背景下,虽然粉尘沉积区的降水并没有显著增加,但粉尘源区气候趋于暖湿化,导致中国北方沙尘暴有逐年减少的趋势,使得黄土高原粉尘堆积的速率减小,因而,黄土高原地区将进入一个成壤相对强的时期。     

黄土高原地区的生态建设与政策创新

生态环境建设是西部大开发的根本切入点。黄土高原地区是我国生态环境最为严峻的地区 ,目前仍有 2 9× 10 4 km2 的土地有待治理 ,任务十分艰巨。本区生态环境建设的主要阻力是生态系统脆弱、经济系统贫困、科技文化水平落后、生态建设效益滞后、投资巨大等。提出的对策是稳定落实“退田还林”补贴政策 ,完善多元化的生态建设投资体系 ,建立公平合理的资源开发政策体系 ,加强生态环境建设的科技支撑作用 ,严格控制人口的快速增长等。强调排除阻力、促进生态环境建设的关键是调整思路 ,在各项政策和措施上都有所创新 ,有所突破     

Evaluation of the combination of 1,3-dichloropropene and dazomet as an efficient alternative to methyl bromide for cucumber production in China

BACKGROUND: The combination of 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) and dazomet (DZ) offers a potential alternative to methyl bromide (MB) for soil disinfection. MB is scheduled to be withdrawn from routine use by 2015 in developing countries. Combination treatments of 1,3‐D + DZ were evaluated in a laboratory study and in two commercial cucumber fields. RESULTS: Laboratory studies found that nearly all of the tested combinations of 1,3‐D and DZ displayed positive synergistic activity on root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), two major soilborne fungi (Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.) and the seeds of two major weed species (Digitaria sanguinalis and Abutilon theophrasti). Field trials revealed that the combination of 1,3‐D and DZ (at 10 + 25 g m^?2) successfully suppressed Meloidogyne spp. root galling, sharply reduced Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. and maintained high cucumber yields. The combination treatment of 1,3‐D + DZ was more effective than 1,3‐D or DZ alone and provided results similar to methyl bromide with respect to pest control, plant mortality, plant height, yield and income. All of the treatments were significantly better than the non‐treated control. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the tested combination of 1,3‐D and DZ offers an efficient alternative to methyl bromide for cucumber production. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The discovery of HNPC‐A3066: a novel strobilurin acaricide

BACKGROUND: Although more than ten strobilurin analogues have been commercialized since 1996 as fungicides, only one was available as an acaricide as of 2003. To search for novel strobilurin analogues with unique biological activities, a synthetic screening programme was carried out. RESULTS: Syntheses of compounds analogous to the commercialized fungicide metominostrobin and the acaricide fluacrypyrim led to the discovery of a lead compound, (E)‐2‐{2‐[[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl]phenyl}‐2‐(methoxyimino)‐N‐methylacetamide (3b), that showed moderate acaricidal activity against Tetranychus urticae Koch. Compound 3b has a 3,5‐(CF₃)₂‐phenoxymethyl group instead of the unsubstituted phenoxy substituent in metominostrobin. Optimization of compound 3b was achieved by introducing an oxime ether bridge along with an alkylthio(alkyl) branch in place of the oxymethylene chain between two aromatic moieties, as well as by replacing the methoxyiminoacetamide group with a methoxyacrylate structure, leading to (E)‐ methyl 2‐{2‐[[[(Z)[1‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐2‐methylthioethylidene]amino]oxy] methyl]phenyl}‐3‐methoxyacrylate (6c) and (E)‐ methyl 2‐{2‐[[[(Z)[1‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1‐methylthiomethylidene]amino]oxy]methyl]phenyl}‐3‐methoxyacrylate (9a, HNPC‐A3066). CONCLUSION: The above two compounds (6c, 9a) were shown to exhibit potent acaricidal and fungicidal activity. Compound 9a (HNPC‐A3066) also exhibits larvicidal and ovicidal activities against various acarids. The acaricidal potency is comparable with those of commercial acaricides such as fluacrypyrim, tebufenpyrad and chlorfenapyr. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

21 世纪的农业水土工程

介绍了农业水土工程学科的历史和形成过程,分析其在我国农业可持续发展中的地位和作用,提出了２１世纪中国农业水土工程学科需要解决的关键科技问题,探讨其在基础理论,应用持等方面的发展趋势。