特色紫甜玉米自交系选育高营养水果型杂交玉米的应用研究

【目的】通过紫色糯玉米（花青素型）与白色甜玉米（超甜糯型）杂交,选育出营养丰富的水果型玉米,以满足越南乃至世界对高营养水果型玉米的市场需求,也为水果型玉米的杂交选育提供参考。【方法】将4个紫色糯玉米品系（♀）与白色甜玉米（♂）进行杂交后再回交,通过形态标记（籽粒皱缩且颜色为深紫色）从BC2F1代中共筛选出20个品系,再经5代连续自交获得80个自交系（UV01~UV80）,从中选择20个优良自交系。利用Line×Tester模型将20个优良自交系与2个测试种［黄色甜玉米自交系SW1（TI）和白色甜玉米自交系D181（T2）］进行测配,获得40个杂交组合（TH01~TH40）,通过随机区组设计在越南河内田间开展种植试验,以SW1011和Fancy111为对照品种。【结果】 TH08、TH17、TH18、TH27、TH31和TH35等6个杂交组合的平均产量较高,为13.4~14.4 t/ha,与对照品种SW1011无显著差异（P>0.05）,说明这些杂交组合具有较高的商业潜力; UV03、UV07、UV08、UV10、UV12、UV16、UV18、UV42、UV71等9个品系的锤度>16.0%、果皮薄<60.0 μm、花青素含量>100.0 mg/100 g,属于超甜紫甜玉米品系。UV10、UV24、UV40、UV46和UV71等5个品系在商品产量方面具有较高的一般配合力（GCA）,UV12和UV16品系在甜度指数方面具有较高的GCA,UV35、UV36、UV38、UV46和UV73等5个品系在花青素含量方面具有较高的GCA。【结论】 UV10和UV12在产量和品质方面均具有较高的GCA,为2个营养丰富的水果型超甜紫甜玉米品系,可在越南及其他适用地区推广种植。     

Scale and scope economies in small household rice farming in Vietnam

The Vietnamese agricultural sector has experienced a dramatic structural change based on increased specialization in rice cultivation. However, small-scale rice-farmers have continued to grow multiple crops, especially in less developed provinces. While the literature advocates crop diversification for reasons of both economic and ecological sustainability, there lacks empirical evidence as to whether crop diversification brings efficiency and productivity gains to small farms. The present study is the first applications of the input-oriented stochastic distance function approach in estimating scale and scope economies using data of multi-crop farming households in Vietnam. We find strong evidence of product-specific economies of scale. Scope economies are also present for rice, vegetable, and other annual crop production. This suggests that crop diversification enhances efficiency and productivity. However, there still exists significant technical inefficiency in crop production, indicating opportunities to expand farm output at the existing level of inputs and technologies. More specifically, our empirical results indicate that it is desirable to expand vegetable and other annual crop production in mountainous areas while rice cultivation can be further expanded in delta and coastal regions.     

Fertilization Ability of Porcine Oocytes Reconstructed from Ooplasmic Fragments Produced and Characterized after Serial Centrifugations

Mitochondria are reported to be critical in in vitro maturation of oocytes and subsequent embryo development after fertilization, but their contribution for fertilization has not been investigated in detail. In the present study, we investigate the contribution of mitochondria to fertilization using reconstructed porcine oocytes by fusion of ooplasmic fragments produced by serial centrifugations (centri-fusion). Firstly, we evaluated the characteristics of ooplasmic fragments. Three types of fragments were obtained by centrifugation of porcine oocytes matured in vitro for 46 h: brownish (B), transparent (T) and large (L) fragments containing both B and T parts in a fragment. The production efficiencies of these types of fragments were 71.7, 91.0 and 17.8 fragments/100 oocytes, respectively. In experiments, L fragments were excluded because they contained both brownish and transparent components that were apparently intermediate between B and T fragments. Observations by confocal microscopy after staining with MitoTracker Red CMXRos^® and transmission electron microscopy revealed highly condensed active mitochondria in B fragments in contrast to T fragments that contained only sparse organelles. We reconstructed oocytes by fusion of a karyoplast and two cytoplasts from B and T fragments (B and T oocytes, respectively). The B oocytes showed higher sperm penetration (95.8%) and male pronuclear formation rates (94.2%) by in vitro fertilization than T oocytes (66.7% and 50.0%, respectively). These results suggest that the active mitochondria in oocytes may be related to their ability for fertilization.     

新吉尔吉斯乳用马杂交改良伊犁马效果分析与研究

[目的]通过测定新吉尔吉斯乳用马、伊犁马及其杂交F1代的体尺和体重,探析新吉尔吉斯乳用马杂交改良伊犁马的效果.[方法]实验分析了新吉尔吉斯乳用马、伊犁马及其杂交F1代初生、1月龄、3月龄、6月龄、12月龄的体高、体长、胸围、管围和体重,绘制了生长发育曲线,对比和分析了三者之间的差异.[结果]新吉尔吉斯乳用马、伊犁马及其杂交F1代在生长发育水平、强度及速度上差异显著.[结论]杂交F1代在生长发育规律上更接近于伊犁马,而其在生长发育水平上却要优于伊犁马,说明引进新吉尔吉斯乳用马杂交改良效果明显.杂交F1代的生长速度介于新吉尔吉斯乳用马与伊犁马之间,比新吉尔吉斯乳用马慢,比伊犁马快.     

伊犁马青年种公马体尺体重相关性研究

为探讨伊犁马青年种公马体尺、体重之间的相关性,选择2～3岁肉用型和骑乘型伊犁马青年种公马100匹,测量其体高、体长、胸围、管围和体重数据,并进行统计分析.结果表明,伊犁马青年种公马不同类型不同年龄体尺、体重之间存在显著差异(P<0.05).其体高、体长、体重均以3岁肉用型为最高,其次为3岁骑乘型(P<0.05).其胸围...     

Molecular characterization of bovine foamy virus and its association with bovine leukemia virus infection in Vietnamese cattle

The detection of bovine foamy virus (BFV) in Vietnamese cattle was performed using conventional PCR targeting pol and gag genes. Out of 243 tested samples, ten (4.1%) and eight (3.3%) samples were positive for BFV gag and pol DNA, respectively. The prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) estimated by detection of proviral DNA using nested PCR targeting env gene was 26.7% (65/243). The results of nucleotide sequence alignment and the phylogenetic analysis suggested that Vietnamese BFV strains showed high homology to isolates belonging to either European or non-European clades. There was no significant correlation between BLV and BFV. This study provides information regarding BFV infection and confirms the existence of two BFV clades among Vietnamese cattle for the first time.     

添加调节N和P浓度后的植物残体对土壤呼吸作用、微生物量和养分有效性的影响

Microbial activity and nutrient release are known to be influenced by organic matter properties,but it is difficult to separate the effect of C/N ratio from that of C/P ratio because in most plant residues both ratios are either high or low.An incubation experimeut was conducted to investigate the effects of reducing the C/N and C/P ratios of slowly decomposable plant residues (young eucalyptus leaves,mature wheat straw,and sawdust) to those of rapidly decomposable residues (young kikuyu shoots) on soil respiration,microbial biomass,and N and P availability.The C/N and C/P ratios of the former were adjusted to 15 and 89,respectively,by adding N as (NH4)2SO4,P as KH2PO4 or both and residues were added at 10 g C kg-1 to a silt loam.Soil respiration was measured over 21 d;microbial biomass C (MBC) and available N and P were measured on days 0,7,and 21.Compared to the unamended soil,addition of kikuyu increased cumulative respiration 20-fold,MBC concentration 4 to 8-fold,and available P concentration up to 4-fold,whereas the increase in available N concentration was small and transient.Cumulative respiration and MBC concentration were low in the sawdust-amended soil and were not influenced by reducing the C/N and C/P ratios.Cumulative respiration with original wheat and eucalyptus was 30％-40％ of that with kikuyu.Reducing the C/N ratio alone or both C/N and C/P ratios increased cumulative respiration and MBC concentration 2-fold compared to the original wheat and eucalyptus,whereas reducing the C/P ratio had little effect.Throughout the experiment,the available N concentration after addition of residues with reduced C/N ratio increased in the following order of eucalyptus ＜ wheat ＜ sawdust.By independently lowering the C/N and C/P ratios,microbial activity was more limited by C and N than P.However,lowering the C/N ratio of very slowly decomposable sawdust had no effect on soil respiration and MBC concentration,suggesting that other properties such as concentration of poorly decomposable C compounds limited decomposition.     

越南水稻黄矮病毒多克隆血清抗体的制备

[目的]制备用于检测水稻黄矮病毒(RYSV)的多克隆抗体,为水稻和黑尾叶蝉上的病毒诊断提供技术支持.[方法]利用两种不同来源的RYSV抗原免疫家兔,一种是从受感染的水稻病叶组织纯化获得RYSV病毒粒子;另一种是从越南RYSV分离株克隆出完整N蛋白编码基因,然后将其连接至pET-28a载体上,在大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)菌株中进行诱导表达获得N蛋白抗原.其中,N蛋白抗原又以两种形式(洗脱纯化N蛋白和N蛋白条带聚丙烯酰胺切片匀浆)对家兔进行免疫.最后,采用PTA-ELISA分析评估家兔抗体血清(多克隆抗体)对水稻叶片和黑尾叶蝉RYSV的特异性和敏感性.[结果]分离自越南RYSV分离株的N基因由1542个核苷酸组成,与来自我国和日本RYS分离株N基因序列进行比对,其核苷酸序列同源性分别为98.1%和97.9%,对应的推导氨基酸序列同源性为83.4%和99.4%.以RYSV病毒粒子、洗脱纯化N蛋白和N蛋白条带聚丙烯酰胺切片匀浆3种抗原免疫家兔获得的多克隆抗体均能有效检测出水稻植株中的RYSV,其中,感病植株的OD405分别为1.449、2.337和1.649,健康植株的OD405分别为0.375、0.294和0.283.PTA-ELISA检测结果表明,获得的多克隆抗体能从单个带病毒黑尾叶蝉中检测出RYSV,且该结论在RT-PCR检测中得到进一步验证.[结论]制备获得的多克隆抗体对RYSV具有较高特异性和敏感性,可用于水稻和黑尾叶蝉上的病毒诊断,同时表明以含有病毒植物蛋白的聚丙烯酰胺切片直接注射免疫模型动物制备多克隆抗体具有可行性.     

Evaluation of the allelopathic potential of Kava (Piper methysticum L.) for weed control in rice

Kava is a perennial pepper plant from the Oceanic region, which is commonly used as a drink by natives and for pharmacological purposes. Results of this study concluded that Kava has allelopathic potential and suppressed germination and growth of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L), barnyardgrass ( E. crus-galli Beauv var. formosensis Ohwi.), and duck-tongue weed ( M. vaginalis Presl var. plantaginea Solms-Laub.) Moreover, Kava inhibited emergence of weeds in paddy soils. The inhibition of Kava became stronger as the applied concentration increased. In a greenhouse experiment, Kava had the greatest inhibition on emergence and weed growth in paddy soils when a dose of 1 ton ha⁻¹ of Kava was divided and applied at 3, 16, and 23 days after watering. Inhibition by Kava varied among weed species. Results from this study suggest that Kava might be useful for weed control in rice or reduce dependence on herbicide.