多主体合作博弈视角下林业专业合作社盈余利益分配研究

盈余利益分配机制是否合理、完善,对林业专业合作社能否实现成功运转至关重要。文章基于林业专业合作社各利益主体在盈余利益分配上是一个合作博弈的过程,针对传统Shapley值法只考虑贡献率的特点,考虑到林农、投资者、经营者与公司承担风险性大小的差异,利用层次分析法提出改进的Shapely值法,并通过具体算例对改进Shapely值法进行了应用。     

秸秆混肥还田机设计与试验

东北地区玉米秸秆产量大,秋季玉米收获后可还田作业时间短、秸秆腐烂慢,为秸秆还田带来困难。为满足东北地区秸秆快速还田和腐烂要求,研制了一种秸秆混肥还田机,可将粉碎秸秆或站立秸秆切碎收集,并与N肥混合后被输送到还田机的一侧,或成条堆放在田间,或喂入到由铧式犁开出垄沟内。利用三维软件SolidWorks对秸秆粉碎捡拾和输送装置进行了参数设计和实体建模,利用有限元ANSYS Workbench对所设计的粉碎刀进行静力学分析验证了其结构的合理性,并通过分析粉碎刀的秸秆粉碎过程和运动轨迹确定了当粉碎刀受力最小时的最佳排列方式。试验结果表明:当秸秆粉碎捡拾装置转速为2250r/min、还田机前进速度为1.27m/s时,秸秆还田率为95%,秸秆剪切长度合格率为95.5%,秸秆混肥不均匀度为20.5%,作业性能达到了设计要求,可为秸秆混肥还田机的改进设计提供参考。     

基于视觉的苗期作物株间除草关键技术研究现状

基于视觉的苗期作物和杂草的图像分割技术逐渐成熟,通过视觉技术对苗期作物进行精准识别和定位,是实现株间除草的关键技术和难点。作物的精准识别首先需要利用颜色特征将图像中的作物、杂草和土壤背景进行分割;其次利用实际识别对象的位置特征,形状特征,纹理特征,光谱特征等构造新的特征向量,结合成熟的分类算法对作物和杂草进行特征分类识别。针对棉苗和大豆苗,主要提取位置特征、形状特征,多采用支持向量机为主分类算法;针对玉米,主要提取位置特征、纹理特征,多采用人工神经网络为主的分类算法;针对部分蔬菜苗,主要提取形状特征、光谱特征,多采用算法结合的优化算法,具体实现时需要根据离线样本学习的结果来平衡苗期作物的识别准确率与实时性。在目前的算法中,主要存在三方面的问题:作物特征提取效果易受到遮挡、光照等干扰;分类算法目前还不能得到非常令人满意的准确性和实时性;目前算法一般是针对某种时段的作物,不具有通用性。这些都是后续算法研究中需要进一步解决的问题。     

马铃薯致病疫霉拮抗细菌研究进展

为了解决马铃薯致病疫霉侵染马铃薯导致其死亡,进而造成马铃薯单位种植产量低的问题.本文从拮抗菌入手,归纳分析细菌类拮抗菌中的主要拮抗菌中芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌和粘细菌对马铃薯致病疫霉的抑制作用.同时,在总结前人研究的基础上,笔者认为在拮抗菌应用方面,可以采用多对一的新型平板对峙筛菌模式来模拟复杂条件下拮抗菌的拮抗作用,以期得...     

TRIZ理论在深根茎类作物挖掘机构中的应用

针对目前我国深根茎类作物挖掘机械中没有成熟的产品以及产品设计方法较为传统、落后的现状,运用一种解决发明问题的新型创新理论-TRIZ理论中的40个发明原理、39对矛盾矩阵及诸多相关理论,对深根茎类作物挖掘装置中的关键部件-挖掘铲的多种设计方案进行分析、比较和研究,最终得出较为理想的设计方案.采用该方案设计的挖掘铲在挖掘过程中可以实现不壅土,并能顺利地切断根茎,能使作物的根茎与土块、石块在挖掘铲上上升过程中高效地分离,且能实现减少根茎损伤的目标,从而达到降低挖掘阻力的目的.最后,运用Pro/E软件将最终设计的挖掘铲在计算机中进行虚拟仿真,并对仿真模型进行仿真分析,结果表明,挖掘铲的设计方案达到了预期目的.     

Effect of lowering the root/shoot ratio by pruning roots on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat

A pot and a field experiment were conducted to assess the effects of root/shoot ratio (R/S) on the water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of winter wheat. The R/S was regulated by pruning the roots during the stem elongation stage, resulting in reduced root systems of the plants. At the heading stage, the root dry weight of root-pruned plants was less than that of intact-root plants, but their R/S was similar to that of intact-root plants under both experimental conditions. After tiller pruning, the R/S of root-pruned plants was significantly lower than that of intact-root plants (p < 0.05). Root pruning reduced the rate of leaf transpiration and lowered the number of tillers per plant (p < 0.05) during the vegetative stage. As a result, root-pruned wheat showed reduced water use when compared to intact-root plants before heading (p < 0.05). At anthesis, there was no significant difference in transpiration between plants with intact roots and those with pruned roots in the pots. However, under field conditions, transpiration of root-pruned plants was significantly higher than that of intact-root plants at anthesis. Additionally, at anthesis root-pruned plants had a higher rate of leaf photosynthesis and lower rate of root respiration, which resulted in a significantly higher grain yield at maturity when compared to plants with intact roots. Under both experimental conditions, there were no significant differences in shoot dry weight per plant between root-pruned and intact-root plants grown in monoculture. When root-pruned plants were grown with intact-root plants, the root-pruned wheat was less productive and had a lower relative shoot dry weight (0.78 and 0.86, respectively) than the intact-root plants (1.24 and 1.16, respectively). These results suggest that plants with pruned roots had a lower ability to compete and to acquire and use the same resources in the mixture when compared with intact-root plants. Root pruning improved the WUE of winter wheat under both experimental conditions. This suggests that appropriate management for the root system/tillers in wheat crops can be used to increase grain yield and water use efficiency. Specifically, lowering the R/S improved the grain yield and WUE of winter wheat significantly by lowering its competitive ability and improving root efficiency. Therefore, drought-resistance breeding to improve the grain yield and WUE, at least for wheat, should be made by targeted selection of less competitive progeny with a small R/S for cultivation in arid and semiarid areas.     

不同LED光谱对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼生长、摄食及消化酶活性的影响

为探究不同 LED 光谱对红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)幼鱼摄食、生长发育和生理活性的影响, 选取 525 尾红鳍东方鲀幼鱼养殖在海水循环水养殖系统中, 分别用 5 种不同 LED 光谱(红、黄、蓝、绿、白)照射处理 30 d, 光周期为 12 L : 12 D, 实验期间测定饵料转化效率, 实验结束时测定其存活、生长指标及消化酶活性。结果表明, 不同 LED 光谱对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的存活、生长和摄食的影响具有显著性差异(P＜0.05)。其中绿光组红鳍东方鲀的存活率最高, 为(65.71±0.00)%; 绿光组红鳍东方鲀幼鱼体重最大, 为(29.36±3.78) g。在饵料转化效率方面, 绿光组幼鱼的饵料转换效率显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05)。在消化酶活性方面, 不同 LED 光谱处理组中红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的消化酶活性均存在显著性差异(P＜0.05), 其中绿光组的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶活性均显著高于其他各处理组(P＜0.05); 绿光组肝脂肪酶活性较高, 显著高于蓝光与黄光组(P＜0.05); 绿光组肠脂肪酶活性显著高于红光、白光组(P＜0.05)。综上所述, 绿光对红鳍东方鲀幼鱼的生长发育具有较好的促进作用。     

采前钙处理对木洞杨梅果实采后品质和延缓衰老的影响

用不同浓度CaCl2溶液对木洞杨梅果实进行采前喷钙处理,研究其对果实品质和延缓衰老的影响,达到延长贮藏期的目的。结果表明：钙处理能有效维持果实的硬度,延缓可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、Vc含量的下降;钙处理能显著降低果实的腐烂率、损失率和呼吸强度;钙处理在一定程度上抑制了果实膜透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加,显著抑制超氧化物歧酶（SOD）活性的降低。从而延缓果实成熟衰老进程,较好的保持了果实品质。3种喷钙浓度处理中以 0.25% CaCl2 溶液效果最好     

Mechanical insights into the effect of fluctuation in soil moisture on nitrous oxide emissions from paddy soil

Paddy fields are subjected to fluctuating water regimes as a result of the alternate drying and wetting water management, which often incurs a sensitive change in N₂O emissions from paddy soils. However, how the soil moisture regulates the emission of N₂O from paddy soil remains uncertain. In this study, three incubation experiments were designed to study the effects of constant and fluctuating soil moisture on N₂O emission and the sources of N₂O emission from paddy soil. Results showed that the N₂O emission from paddy soil at 100 % WHC (water-holding capacity) was higher than that at 40, 65, 80, 120, and 160 % WHC, indicating that 100 % WHC was the optimum soil moisture content for N₂O emission under the incubation experiment. Small peak of N₂O flux appeared when the soil moisture content from 250 % WHC decreased near to 100 % WHC, lower than that triggered by nitrogen (N) fertilization, which was mainly owing to the low NH₄ ⁺ concentration at this period. Nitrification dominated the emissions of N₂O from paddy soil at 250 % WHC (54.96 %), higher than that of nitrification-coupled denitrification (6.74 %) and denitrification (38.3 %). The contribution of denitrification to N₂O emissions (44.10 %) was equivalent to that of nitrification (44.45 %) in soil at 100 % WHC, which was higher than that of 250 % WHC treatment. In conclusion, the finding suggested that the peak of N₂O in paddy soils during midseason aeration could be attributed to the occurrence of optimum soil moisture under sufficient N availability, favorable for the production and accumulation of N₂O.     

蕨菜不同生育期对环境条件要求的确定

蕨菜(Pteridunl aquilinum kuhn)为蕨科蕨属,宿根性草本蕨类植物.生长于山缘、林下和灌木丛中,适应性很强,分布于全国各地,常采集未展叶的叶柄为主要食用器官(即拳卷叶期的蕨菜).