An Image-Based Diagnostic Expert System for Corn Diseases

The annual worldwide yield losses due to pests are estimated to be billions of dollars. Integrated pest management （IPM） is one of the most important components of crop production in most agricultural areas of the world, and the effectiveness of crop protection depends on accurate and timely diagnosis of phytosanitary problems. Accurately identifying and treatment depends on the method which used in disease and insect pests diagnosis. Identifying plant diseases is usually difficult and requires a plant pathologist or well-trained technician to accurately describe the case. Moreover, quite a few diseases have similar symptoms making it difficult for non-experts to distinguish disease correctly. Another method of diagnosis depends on comparison of the concerned case with similar ones through one image or more of the symptoms and helps enormously in overcoming difficulties of non-experts. The old adage ＇a picture is worth a thousand words＇ is crucially relevant. Considering the user＇s capability to deal and interact with the expert system easily and clearly, a webbased diagnostic expert-system shell based on production rules （i.e., IF 〈 effects 〉 THEN 〈 causes 〉） and frames with a color image database was developed and applied to corn disease diagnosis as a case study. The expert-system shell was made on a 32-bit multimedia desktop microcomputer. The knowledge base had frames, production rules and synonym words as the result of interview and arrangement. It was desired that 80% of total frames used visual color image data to explain the meaning of observations and conclusions. Visual color image displays with the phrases of questions and answers from the expert system, enables users to identify any disease, makes the right decision, and chooses the right treatment. This may increase their level of understanding of corn disease diagnosis. The expert system can be applied to diagnosis of other plant pests or diseases by easy changes to the knowledge base.     

加强农业院校化学基础教学改革提高人才素质

以农业院校化学基础教育教学改革为对象,针对农业高等教育中化学教学所存在的问题,在教学观念、教学模式及教学方法方面进行了改革,提出应利用现代教学手段培养学生的学习兴趣,加强基础课和综合实验教学,促进学生创新素质的培养。     

高等数学解题中典型错误剖析

在高等数学解题中，使用一些定义、定理及方法时，如果不注重严格的检验，很容易导致严重的错误。从定义、定理等方面人手，以具体实例来分析高等数学解题中出现的典型错误及产生的原因，并给出正确的解法。     

用分段放缩法证明不等式

本文提出1种新的证明不等式的方法－分段放缩法。先将不等式转化成函数不等式，然后在每个局部区间上证明不等式。     

新促孕液及其主药对家兔血液流变学参数的影响

将25只健康家兔随机分为5组,其中4个试验组分别用中药新促孕液、红花、丹参和川芎煎剂灌胃,对照组灌胃等量生理盐水,每天1次,连续7 d,以研究中药新促孕液防治母畜子宫内膜炎的机制和改进组方。末次给药后经耳缘静脉注射100 mg.mL-1高分子葡聚糖致瘀。分别于首次给药前、用药后和致瘀后1 h采血,用MVIS 2035型全自动血液流变分析系统测定血液流变学参数的变化。结果表明,新促孕液能显著降低健康家兔的血液黏度,并能显著抵抗高分子葡聚糖的致瘀作用,其中红花起主要作用;丹参的活血化瘀作用也较强,可以考虑作为红花的替代药。     

玉米蔗糖非酵解型蛋白激酶2底物蛋白的筛选与鉴定

【目的】筛选玉米蔗糖非酵解型蛋白激酶2(Sucrose non-fermenting protein kinase 2,SnRK2)的底物蛋白,鉴定其在玉米脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)信号转导中的作用,为进一步解析玉米中ABA介导的非生物逆境抗性机制提供参考。【方法】根据前期研究结果,通过与拟南芥SnRK2已知底物蛋白的序列比对和保守基序分析,从磷酸化水平响应ABA诱导且上调的238个蛋白中预测ZmSnRK2作用的底物蛋白,用酵母双杂交试验验证ZmSnRK2家族成员与候选蛋白的相互作用,分析其在玉米ABA信号转导中的作用。【结果】从前期鉴定的玉米磷酸化水平响应ABA诱导且上调的238个蛋白中,预测出10个ZmSnRK2候选底物蛋白,实际扩增出其中8个蛋白的编码基因以及10个ZmSnRK2基因家族成员。酵母双杂交试验结果表明,GenBank序列号为XP_008666965.1、NP_001142137.1和XP_008656995.1的候选底物蛋白,因自体磷酸化不能用酵母双杂交检测,GenBank序列号为NP_001183680.1的候选底物蛋白可以与ZmSnRK2.1、2.2、2.4、2.5、2.7、2.8、2.10、2.11蛋白相互作用,GenBank序列号为NP_001145831.1和NP_001167942.1的候选底物蛋白分别可以与ZmSnRK2.1和ZmSnRK2.10蛋白相互作用。【结论】NP_001183680.1和NP_001167942.1蛋白是ZmSnRK2家族部分成员的磷酸化底物,是玉米ABA信号转导途径的下游组分;NP_001183680.1蛋白与拟南芥丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶同源,NP_001167942.1蛋白为包含SAM结构域的蛋白,这2个蛋白均涉及许多生理生化过程,说明ZmSnRK2下游的ABA信号转导呈发散状。     

Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Möench and Fagopyrum tartaricum L. Gaerth) Hulls,Brans and Flours

The extracts from hulls, brans and flours of Fagopyrum esculentum Möench (FEM, three varieties) and Fagopyrum tartaricum L. Gaerth (FTG, seven varieties) were screened for free and bound phenolic content or total phenolic content (TPC), as well as 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Free phenolics were predominant in buckwheat hulls, brans and flours. FEM hulls extract exhibited the highest reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging activity with the average EC₅₀ 84.54 μg mL^?1 and IC₅₀ 11.54 μg mL^?1 respectively, FTG brans extract had the highest average TPC (24.87 mg GAE g^?1 DW), and FEM flours extract showed the lowest TPC, reducing power and radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, the correlations among TPC, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power of all the samples were investigated. The rank correlation coefficient (r_s) between reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of buckwheat hulls, between TPC and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of buckwheat flours were 0.76 and 0.79, respectively (P<>0.05). However, there is no significant correlation between the remaining indexes of hulls and flours, as well as the ten buckwheat brans. This result indicated that some non-phenolic compounds also contributed to the total antioxidant activity in hulls, brans and flours of buckwheats. This study demonstrated that buckwheat hulls and brans, rather than flours, are good source of antioxidants.     

作物品种区域试验多年资料联合分析法的应用

用作物品种区域试验多年资料联合分析方法的计算机程序对 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年度国家玉米品种区域试验的部分资料进行分析。结果表明 ,该程序不仅可以进行方差分析 ,而且可以计算品种、试点和品种试点组合的最小二乘均数 ,并可对其差异显著性进行检验。     

Ce-Zr-La-Co复合氧化物与LaCoO_3/Ce_(0.6)Zr_(0.4)O_2的催化性能与结构分析

采用柠檬酸法制备了Ce-Zr-La-Co复合氧化物催化剂和LaCoO3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2负载型催化剂,并用热重法测试了2种催化剂对碳烟的催化活性,催化剂LaCoO3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2显示了更高的活性,碳烟的起燃温度是542℃,低于Ce-Zr-La-Co复合氧化物催化剂的552℃,比纯碳烟的起燃温度低97℃.采用程序升温还原法(Hydrogen Temperature-programmed Reduction,H2-TPR)、N2吸附BET、X-射线衍射仪(X-ray Diffraction,XRD)、傅立叶红外仪(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)和X-射线光电子能谱仪(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,XPS)等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,XRD显示负载型氧化物LaCoO3/Ce0.6 Zr0.4 O2形成了完好的钙钛矿结构相,而Ce-Zr-La-Co复合氧化物则形成了铈锆固溶体为主以及少量的钙钛矿和Co3O4氧化物相;XPS结果显示LaCoO3/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2催化剂表面弱吸附氧Oˉ的含量...     

模糊数学综合评价法优化拐枣饮料配方

以拐枣(Hovenia dulcis)浓缩汁为原料,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验,以模糊数学综合评价为指标,进行拐枣饮料配方的优化。结果表明,优化后的配方组合为:配制100 mL拐枣饮料所需拐枣浓缩汁的用量20 mL,蔗糖与安赛蜜用量比5.000 g∶0.020 g,柠檬酸用量0.20 g,柠檬黄与胭脂红用量比0.100 mL∶0.050 mL,黄原胶与瓜尔胶用量比0.02 g∶0.02 g。该配方配制的拐枣饮料酸甜适口,带有清淡的拐枣香气,可用于拐枣饮料的开发。