Relationships between the damage to radish caused by the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans, its density prior to cultivation and the soil nematode community structure evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

A preliminary survey using 20 conventionally farmed fields in which fumigants have been applied every year showed that the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans was distributed both in the upper (0–30 cm) and lower (30–60 cm) soil layers. In six of the 20 fields, P. penetrans was detected in the lower layers exclusively, suggesting that the most appropriate depth to sample soil is 0–60 cm to estimate the relationship between the density of P. penetrans and its damage to radish. There was a highly significant correlation ( r  = 0.923) between the density of P. penetrans in the 0–60 cm depth and the number of spots on a radish. No damage to radish was observed in soils with <2.5 individuals of P. penetrans per 20 g soil before cultivation. However, in cases in which the density of P. penetrans was 3.4–6.2 individuals per 20 g soil, the number of spots on a radish showed more variation (0–131.5 per radish) and there was no significant correlation between them. The nematode community structure of soils with 3.4–8 individuals of P. penetrans per 20 g soil, evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, was significantly different ( anova , PC2, P  <   0.05) between soils with low (0–42) and high (more than 80) damage levels, suggesting that radish damage might be predicted on the basis of the prevailing soil nematode community structure.     

不同施氮量对太湖地区大棚蔬菜产量、氮肥利用率及品质的影响

在大棚栽培条件下,采用田间小区试验方法观测了太湖地区稻田改种大棚蔬菜的土壤上不同施氮量对一年中两季蔬菜番茄和黄瓜产量、氮肥利用率及品质的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施氮量相比,减氮40%能保持番茄和黄瓜果实产量,习惯施氮反而有导致减产的趋势。减氮40%处理的氮肥当季利用率显著高于习惯施氮,并且随施氮量的增加和土壤供氮水平的提高氮肥当季利用率开始出现降低的趋势。番茄、黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量随施氮量的增加呈线性增加,习惯施氮下番茄、黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量分别达406.1和328.8 mg/kg,其中,番茄硝酸盐含量已经临近我国蔬菜卫生安全标准。各处理中减氮20%~40%番茄可溶性糖含量较高,减氮40%黄瓜维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量最高;氮肥用量继续增加,黄瓜维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量有降低趋势。在太湖地区的大棚生产条件下,比习惯施氮量减氮20%~40%可以保证产量和较好的果实品质;大棚蔬菜生产采取节肥减氮措施具有很大的潜力。     

小麦TaFT基因编码区序列多态性及其与开花期的关系

春化基因VRN-B3是小麦开花素基因TaFT,为探索该基因在品种间的保守性及其与小麦开花早晚的关系,根据TaFT基因序列(GenBank accession No.: DQ890162)设计特异PCR引物,扩增了13个品种中该基因的编码区。通过测序和序列比对,发现不同品种间该基因编码区的DNA序列存在多态性,序列翻译发现5个品种的表达产物FT蛋白发生变异。利用中国春的非整倍体材料将TaFT基因定位在7BS染色体上。参考品种的冬春性及开花时间,推测冬性品种正常的FT蛋白(同DQ890162翻译的氨基酸序列一致)可加速开花,FT蛋白变异则延迟开花;春性品种的FT蛋白变异与否对开花期影响不大,推测TaFT基因的效应可能被春性品种的显性春化基因所掩盖。     

巢湖流域非点源颗粒态磷负荷的空间差异及关键影响因子研究

首先选取巢湖流域内的7个二级流域作为研究区,同时为了使研究结果更具可靠性,利用县级行政区划数据对研究区进行细化;然后构建泥沙输移分布模型,定量估算2015年巢湖流域颗粒态磷负荷模数;最后在不同土地利用模式下,综合考虑地理位置、资源条件、社会经济等影响因子,剖析产生颗粒态磷流失的差异并分析其原因。结果表明:巢湖流域平均颗粒态磷负荷模数为0.308 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),主要用地类型为林地0.759 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)耕地0.256 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)建设用地0.138 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),细分研究区使研究结果更具可靠性。颗粒态磷负荷模数具有空间差异,高值区集中在坡度较大、降水充沛的杭埠河流域(岳西县、霍山县、舒城县);低值区分布在地势平缓、经济发展水平较高的派河流域(肥西县)、南淝河流域(合肥市、长丰县)。坡度大、降水丰沛是造成林地、耕地颗粒态磷负荷模数较高的主要原因;化肥、农药不合理施用、地膜污染等导致耕地负荷较高;畜禽养殖提高建设用地负荷;磷矿的分布也会增加磷背景值。     

六面体可展机构自由度与运动特性分析

针对一种空间多环耦合六面体可展机构自由度分析问题,提出了选取动平台、建立等效串联分支、构建等效并联机构,进而基于并联机构自由度分析理论得到六面体机构自由度的分析方法。首先,选取多个构件组成的运动链整体作为动平台,基于螺旋理论建立动平台的所有运动等效串联分支;然后,减少动平台所含构件数,重新建立等效串联分支;最终将原机构等效为动平台仅由1个构件组成的传统并联机构。这样逐渐降低了原六面体机构的耦合度,从而降低了其自由度分析的难度。建立了六面体可展机构的仿真模型,通过施加不同的驱动对六面体机构的运动规律进行了分析,并讨论了该机构的折叠性能。本研究为此六面体机构的力学特性分析奠定了基础,提出的自由度分析方法为其他多面体可展机构自由度分析提供了思路。     

荷花切花品种的综合评价及良种筛选

[目的]筛选优良荷花切花品种,为荷花品种资源的合理利用提供参考依据.[方法]观测159个荷花品种的主要性状,采用层次分析法(AHP)构建其切花综合评价体系.根据荷花的观赏特点确定5个准则层及18个指标层,对各层次影响因子的权重进行量化评分,筛选出适宜生产上应用的优良荷花切花品种.[结果]准则层5个指标的权重范围在0.0455~0.5036,权重值排序为花朵形态>鲜切花特性>花蕾性状>栽培特性>花柄性状;指标层18个指标的权重范围在0.0091~0.1762,其中花型、瓶插寿命、花色和花态所占总权重较大,分别为0.1762、0.1329、0.1070和0.1000.综合专家和群众评分意见制定指标层指标并赋值,确定指标层指标的评分标准,筛选出18个优良荷花切花品种,其中多数品种具有茎秆直硬、瓶插寿命较长、贮运特性好、采收较容易及开花量多或较多等特点,尤其是雨花晴、锦霞和文君佛红同时进入专家和群众评选前10名,属上等荷花切花品种.[结论]建立的荷花切花品种评价标准可供筛选和培育荷花切花优良品种参考;雨花情、锦霞、文君拂红等18个荷花品种的观赏性较佳,适宜作为荷花切花产业化生产品种优先推广应用.     

Changes of moisture distribution and migration in fresh ear corn during storage

Understanding of moisture changes in fresh ear corn (Zea mays L.) during storage is imperative for maintaining fresh corn quality. The changes of moisture distribution and migration in fresh ear corn during storage were investigated using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Water loss was greater than water migration in fresh ear corn within the first hour of storage; thereafter, water loss was weaker than water migration. With the extension of storage time, the signal intensity of MRI in different parts of sliced fresh corn with cob showed a downward trend, and the rate of signal intensity reduction was higher in the peripheral area than at the central part of sliced fresh corn with cob. The relative proportion of bound water increased with a concomitant drop in that of free water, when the total water content reduced in fresh ear corn under storage. In conclusion, NMR and MRI are useful and non-destructive tools for real-time monitoring of moisture distribution, migration, and loss in fresh ear corn during storage to assess its quality. These results can be used for future design of the preserving and processing conditions for fresh ear corn.     

浙江省粮食产量影响因子的灰色关联分析

近年来,浙江省农业经济迅速发展,但粮食产量却没有得到相应的增产,甚至出现了多年的减产。运用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联分析方法,选择粮食单产、耕地面积、有效灌溉面积、化肥用量、农药用量、农业机械总动力、农用塑料薄膜用量、受灾面积8项因子,与浙江省近7a来粮食产量之间的关联性进行分析后发现:化肥用量、有效灌溉面积是影响浙江省粮食产量的主要因子,其余依次为耕地面积、农药用量、粮食单产、农业机械总动力、农用塑料薄膜用量和受灾面积。并提出合理使用化肥和农药、增加农业有效灌溉面积、实行严格的耕地保护制度、实施科技兴农战略等建议,以稳定和增加浙江省粮食产量。     

鄂茶5号全国茶树品种区域试验总结报告

6年的全国茶树品种区域试验结果表明,鄂茶5号[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze cv.E-ChaNo.5]具有特早生、制绿茶品质优良、生长势旺、芽叶持嫩性强、平均公顷产量比福鼎大白茶[C.sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze cv.Fuding Dabaicha]增产70.9%、抗性强等优点。     

Nested PCR检测种传番茄细菌性溃疡病菌

利用番茄溃疡病菌特异性引物对纯菌液、模拟带菌种子及自然感染种子提取液分别进行Direct-PCR和Nested-PCR检测。结果在纯菌液中,Direct-PCR的检测灵敏度为105cfu/mL,Nested-PCR为102cfu/mL;在模拟带菌种子提取液中,Direct-PCR的检测灵敏度为107cfu/mL,Nested-PCR为104cfu/mL;在自然感染种子提取液中,稀释104倍后Nested-PCR仍然可以检出。建立的番茄种子Nested-PCR检测技术,无需经过核酸提取步骤,可以在8 h内完成整个检测过程,方便快捷,成本低廉,可作为番茄种子带菌的常规检测方法。