猪主要经济性状的基因组选择研究

旨在系统比较GBLUP、SSGBLUP、BayesA、BayesB、BayesC、BayesLASSO、BSLMM和BayesR等8种方法对猪重要经济性状基因组选择的准确性。本研究以本实验室收集的2 585头大白猪达100kg日龄、达100kg背膘厚和母猪乳头数3个性状为分析对象,结合猪50K基因芯片分型数据,以加性模型为基础,利用5倍交叉验证比较8种方法的基因组选择准确性。研究发现,基因组选择的准确性与不同性状估计遗传力呈正相关。交叉验证结果表明,预测准确性最高的性状为达100kg日龄,但不同方法在不同性状中表现并不完全相同,在达100kg日龄和达100kg背膘厚中SSGBLUP基因组预测准确性均为最高,而在母猪乳头数中BayesA的基因组预测准确性最高。综上表明,对小样本开展基因组预测时,中、高等遗传力性状可以选择SSGBLUP方法,低等遗传力性状可以选择BayesA方法。如何优化和选择一种广泛适用于所有性状的方法,可能是未来研究的方向。     

EGR对增压柴油机排放特性的影响

对于轻型车用增压中冷柴油机,应用真空驱动的弹簧膜片式EGR阀,真空度由控制器根据输入的电压信号量决定,从而控制EGR阀的开度,研究了在不同工况下EGR阀的流通特性,分析了柴油机的HC、CO、NOx排放,烟度和比油耗随EGR率的变化规律。     

雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀及其颗粒富集过程的影响

为研究雨强对华北土石山区坡面侵蚀过程和泥沙颗粒分布规律的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,以华北土石山区2种典型土壤为研究对象,在4种雨强(30,60,90,120mm/h)条件下,分析了径流的变化过程和侵蚀泥沙的颗粒组成及其颗粒富集率的变化规律。结果表明:(1)随着雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土和石灰性褐土的产流时间均逐渐减小,分别缩短了79%和85%;(2)在60,90,120mm/h雨强条件下,黄土性褐土的径流强度和泥沙浓度均随降雨时间先减小后增大,而后趋于稳定状态,石灰性褐土仅在120mm/h雨强条件下出现相似规律;(3)当雨强从30mm/h增大至120mm/h,黄土性褐土泥沙流失朝粗颗粒化发展,侵蚀泥沙的砂粒和粗粉粒含量分别增加了86%和21%,而石灰性褐土的变化不明显;(4)在降雨初始阶段,粒径较小的黏粒和细粉粒明显富集,而粒径较大的粗粉粒和砂粒不易流失,但随着降雨历时的延长,不同粒径泥沙颗粒的富集率趋于1,这种现象在大雨强下表现得尤为明显。     

野生甘蓝表皮毛对菜青虫的抗性机理

为明确一种全身覆盖表皮毛的野生甘蓝Brassica incana（编号C01）是否具有抗虫性,通过测定菜青虫Pieris rapae对野生甘蓝C01和无毛甘蓝B. alboglabra（编号C41）的拒食、取食和产卵行为进行抗虫性分析,同时通过测定两者的内源激素含量、表皮毛发育相关基因表达量和防御酶活性探讨野生甘蓝C01对菜青虫的抗性机理。结果显示,生长至8～10叶期,无毛甘蓝C41叶片被菜青虫啃食严重,但野生甘蓝C01叶片未被啃食;菜青虫对无毛甘蓝C41和剪除表皮毛的野生甘蓝C01叶片取食面积差异不显著,但均显著大于对野生甘蓝C01叶片的取食面积;着卵的无毛甘蓝C41植株显著多于野生甘蓝C01。野生甘蓝C01叶片中茉莉酸和茉莉酸甲酯含量都显著高于无毛甘蓝C41叶片,而两者中水杨酸和水杨酸甲酯的含量差异不显著。BolJAZ1基因在无毛甘蓝C41叶片中高表达,而BolGL3和BolGL2基因在野生甘蓝C01叶片中高表达;且野生甘蓝C01叶片中多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶3种防御酶的活性均显著高于无毛甘蓝C41。表明野生甘蓝C01叶片的表皮毛会影响菜粉蝶产卵,对菜青虫表现出显著抗...     

基于VB的旱作作物种植结构决策支持系统开发

以Jensen水分生产函数为基础,运用多目标规划的方法,建立了旱作条件下小麦、玉米、大豆、马铃薯、高粱等作物种植结构优化系统,并编制了可视化应用程序。输入多年降雨资料、日照时数、每日最高最低温度、每日风速等基本气象资料以及相关的土壤、作物参数,就可优化出研究地区主要作物种植比例和结构,操作简单,具有实用性。以山西晋中地区为例进行应用,系统根据多年的降雨资料预测出不同水文年型下每种作物的单产,在此基础上对种植结构进行了优化,并与实际结果比较证明其可靠性,从而对作物种植结构进行优化和指导,使粮食产量、经济效益、水分利用达到协调统一。     

水稻秧池一代二化螟卵量与秧苗叶龄关系及其应用

以水稻秧池秧苗叶龄与当时田间一代二化螟累计卵量占全代卵量的百分率为相关因子,建立直线回归预测式,其相关达极显著水平。由此预测一代二化螟发生趋势,方法简便,准确性高,并揭示出秧池一代二化螟累计卵量与秧苗叶龄关系的规律,从而提出了防治工作“两查两定”的新方法。     

Reactive oxygen species are involved in cell death in wheat roots against powdery mildew

Inoculation of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) leaves with wheat powdery mildew fungus(Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) induces the cell death in adventitious roots. Reactive oxygen species(ROS) play a key role in respond to biotic stress in plants. To study the involvement of ROS and the degree of cell death in the wheat roots following inoculation, ROS levels and microstructure of root cells were analyzed in two wheat cultivars that are susceptible(Huamai 8) and resistant(Shenmai 8) to powdery mildew fungus. At 18 d after powdery mildew fungus inoculation, only Huamai 8 displayed the leaf lesions, while root cell death occurred in both varieties. Huamai 8 had a high level of ROS accumulation, which is associated with increased root cell degradation, while in Shenmai 8, there was little ROS accumulation correlating with slight root cell degradation. The molecular study about the expression levels of ROS scavenging genes(MnSOD and CAT) in wheat roots showed that these genes expression decreased after the leaves of wheat was inoculated. The difference between Huamai 8 and Shenmai 8 on subcellular localization of H2 O2 and O2–· was corresponded with the different down-regulation of the genes encoding for superoxide dismutase and catalase in two wheat cultivars. These results suggested that ROS were involved in the process by which powdery mildew fungus induced cell death in wheat roots.     

An Approach for Estimating the Final Ultimate-bearing Capacity of Driven Pile In Soft Clay

The prefabricated pile,driven in soft clay,can squeeze the soil laterally in a certain scope around the pile,and the void ratio is reduced significantly;consequently,the shear bearing capacity is raised.But the soil parameter,which is used to estimate the capacity of pile,is reduced according to the soil state before the pile was driven.Then,a certain difference appears when the pile is working.The calculation result usually is partial to conservative.This paper analyzes the squeezing mechanism of the pile using the theory of cylindrical cavities expansion.And a formula,which is used to estimate the increment of shear bearing capacity of soil around the pile when excess pore water pressure from pile driving distributes completely,is presented based on the unique relation between the shear bearing capacity and the density of the soil.This formula can be used to estimate the final ultimate-bearing capacity of the pile.The calculated results by the proposed formula are in good agreement with those of the site measurement.     

北京市门头沟区采砂废弃地治理遥感评价

[目的]对北京市门头沟区采砂废弃地治理进行遥感评价,为北京市政府进行采砂废弃地这一典型退化生态系统的生态修复和景观重建提供依据。[方法]基于门头沟区采砂废弃地遥感影像及实地调研,对各采砂废弃地的规划利用方向进行分类,同时利用综合指数法、GIS分析法和专家打分法等景观评价方法,选取相应的评价因子建立评价模型,对门头沟区采砂废弃地的生态治理效果进行综合评价。[结果]门头沟区采砂废弃地规划利用方式为公共绿地及公园、自然生态恢复区、建设用地、基本农田、河道综合治理区5大类别,治理效果表现为:公共绿地及公园河道综合治理基本农田建设用地自然生态恢复区。[结论]门头沟区治理近10a来,采砂废弃地规划利用及生态修复取得了显著成效,总体生态治理效果达到近理想的状态,其中公共绿地及公园的治理效果接近理想状态,无论从植被覆盖度还是景观协调度方面都体现出更好的恢复效果,而自然生态恢复方式效果一般,对采砂废弃地不宜采取该种方式。     

双毛细管柱气相色谱法测定水样中多种有机磷农药残留量

水样中19种有机磷农药残留经乙腈萃取,采用双毛细管柱、双火焰光度检测器进行测定。测定结果19种有机磷农药回收率为66.32%~117.2%,相对标准偏差为1.50%~15.89%,检出限0.06~0.30μg.L-1。