畜禽养殖场环境微生物致病性和耐药性调查研究

为了解掌握养殖场中环境微生物对养殖业和公共卫生造成的影响,初步对我国养殖场环境微生物进行了研究。对吉林、湖北等省份的部分养猪场和养鸡场环境采样,并进行大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌分离鉴定,同时对从鸡舍和猪舍内分离大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌进行动物致病性实验及对13种抗生素的耐药性实验。实验结果表明,所有实验的沙门氏菌和90.7%的大肠杆菌菌株对小白鼠有致病性;所有分离菌株对磺胺类药物的耐药性非常严重,其次是对四环素,对其他药物也有不同程度的耐药性。     

四川部分区域鸽源沙门菌耐药表型及耐药基因检测

为了解四川省成都市及周边区域鸽源沙门菌的耐药表型及耐药基因携带情况,通过常规细菌分离鉴定并结合PCR方法,获得42株鸽源沙门菌,采用K-B纸片法,选取20种抗生素,对42株鸽源沙门菌进行药敏试验,并结合PCR方法对其耐药基因携带情况进行检测。结果显示:受检菌对链霉素、四环素、多西环素耐药率为88. 1%;对阿莫西林耐药率为83. 3%;对头孢拉定、氨苄西林、萘啶酸的耐药率为81. 0%。42株沙门菌皆有不同程度的多重耐药性,其中33株同时耐4种以上抗生素,占检测菌株的78. 6%(33/42),主要的耐药谱为CTX-CRO-FLO-CPIOFL-AKN。42株沙门菌喹诺酮类耐药基因aac (6')-Ib-cr检出率最高,为88. 09%(37/32);氨基糖苷类耐药基因aadA1、aph (3)Ⅱ、aac(3)Ⅱ检出率分别为80. 95%(34/42)、76. 19%(32/42)、16. 67%(7/42);β-内酰胺类耐药基因blaTEM-1、bla CMY-2检出率分别为42. 86%(18/42)、19. 04%(8/42);四环素类耐药基因tet M、tet A、tet B检出率分别为40. 4%(17/42)、38. 09%(16/42)、9. 52%(4/42);磺胺类耐药基因sul2检出率为80. 95%(34/42);喹诺酮类耐药基因qnrA检出率为38. 09%(16/42)。结果表明:四川省成都市及周边区域鸽源沙门菌存在普遍耐药,且多重耐药较为严重,耐药基因携带率高。     

Biofilm production by pathogens associated with canine otitis externa,and the antibiofilm activity of ionophores and antimicrobial adjuvants

Otitis externa (OE) is a frequently reported disorder in dogs associated with secondary infections by Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and yeast pathogens. The presence of biofilms may play an important role in the resistance of otic pathogens to antimicrobial agents. Biofilm production of twenty Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and twenty Pseudomonas aeruginosa canine otic isolates was determined quantitatively using a microtiter plate assay, and each isolate was classified as a strong, moderate, weak or nonbiofilm producer. Minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of two ionophores (narasin and monensin) and three adjuvants (N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), Tris‐EDTA and disodium EDTA) were investigated spectrophotometrically (OD_570nm) and quantitatively (CFU/ml) against selected Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas biofilm cultures. Concurrently, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of planktonic cultures were assessed. 16/20 of the S. pseudintermedius clinical isolates were weak biofilm producers. 19/20 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates produced biofilms and were distributed almost equally as weak, moderate and strong biofilm producers. While significant antibiofilm activity was observed, no MBEC was achieved with narasin or monensin. The MBEC for NAC ranged from 5,000–10,000 µg/ml and from 20,000–80,000 µg/ml against S. pseudintermedius and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Tris‐EDTA eradicated P. aeruginosa biofilms at concentrations ranging from 6,000/1,900 to 12,000/3,800 µg/ml. The MBEC was up to 16‐fold and eightfold higher than the MIC/MBC of NAC and Tris‐EDTA, respectively. Disodium EDTA reduced biofilm growth of both strains at concentrations of 470 µg/ml and higher. It can be concluded that biofilm production is common in pathogens associated with canine OE. NAC and Tris‐EDTA are effective antibiofilm agents in vitro that could be considered for the treatment of biofilm‐associated OE in dogs.     

Isolation and identification of a South China strain of Plasmodium inui from Macaca fascicularis

Southeast Asian macaques are hosts of a number of Plasmodium infections, some of which are transmittable to humans. During examination of blood films of five wild-caught long-tailed macaques Macaca fascicularis from South China, malaria infection was detected in one of the monkeys. In order to isolate this parasite for identification and characterization, we experimentally passed this parasite through both Assamese (M. assamensis) and rhesus (M. mulatta) monkeys by intravenous injection of infected blood. This parasite morphologically resembled Plasmodium inui, and had a typical 72 h quartan periodicity. This parasite was infective to Anopheles dirus mosquitoes, and salivary gland sporozoites appeared 13 days post feeding. Feeding by 20 infected An. dirus mosquitoes on another Assamese monkey produced infection with a prepatent period of 8 days. Molecular analysis of the small subunit rRNA genes and the mitochondrial genome confirmed this parasite as an isolate of P. inui. In spleen-intact macaques, the infection had a protracted duration with parasites being detected during the rearing of the infected monkeys for over two years. In summary, this study identified a P. inui isolate and successfully passed this parasite through Assamese monkeys by both intravenous inoculation and mosquito transmission.     

猪某些免疫指标及其与部分生产性状关系的研究

实验测定了哈白、杜洛克猪３月龄和５月龄的总数Ｅ－玫瑰花环形成细胞百分率、活性Ｅ－玫瑰花环形成细胞百分率、淋巴细胞转化率、血清ＩｇＧ含量及５月龄接种布氏杆菌猪型二号苗后７、２１、３５６的特异性抗体滴度，对这些免疫指标及其与部分生产性状的关系进行了分析，旨在为猪的抗病育种提供依据。实验结果表明：（１）３月龄和５月龄几个免疫指标均存在品种差异，哈白猪显著地高干杜洛克猪；（２）３月龄与５月龄间所测细胞免疫指标无显著差异，但５月龄血清ＩｇＧ含量显著高于３月龄血清ＩｇＧ含量；（３）哈白与杜洛克猪对布氏杆菌疫苗的抗体应答能力存在显著差异；（４）所测定的细胞免疫指标间大多表现正的相关，体液免疫指标间亦表现正的相关，而细胞免疫指标和体液免疫指标间大多具有较弱的相关；（５）所测定的几个免疫指标与生产性状间大多具有较弱的相关。     

pH值对星突江鲽消化酶活性的影响

实验通过改变酶反应中的pH值,分析了星突江鲽蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性。结果表明,胃、肠和肝胰腺蛋白酶活性的最适pH值分别为3.8、8.2和7.8,各消化部位的最高点蛋白酶活性从高到低为:胃>肝胰腺>肠。胃、肠和肝胰腺淀粉酶活性的最适pH值分别为6.6、7.4和7.0,各消化部位的最高点淀粉酶活性从高到低为:肠>肝胰腺>胃。胃、肠和肝胰腺脂肪酶活性的最适pH值分别为7.4、7.8和7.8。各消化部位的最高点脂肪酶活性从高到低为:肝胰腺>肠>胃。     

益生元及其应用研究进展

目前,对肠道菌群的调整手段主要有2种：活菌补菌（即益生菌补菌）和自身肠道菌增殖（即益生元补菌）。主要叙述了益生元的概念、种类、生理机能及应用现状和趋势。     

国内外肉牛分子标记辅助育种的研究进展

分子标记辅助育种(Marker assisted selection,MAS),直接从DNA分子水平上反映种间差异,不受环境、发育阶段、组织等的影响,稳定可靠,多态性好,因而在家畜育种中被广泛利用,本文详尽概述了分子标记辅助选择对于遗传力低的性状如肉质性状和屠宰性状等改良效率相关的研究进展。