Status of giant clam resources around Okinawa‐jima Island,Ryukyu Archipelago,Japan

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Effect of fishmeal substitution with various animal and/or plant protein sources in the diet of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The effect of dietary substitution of animal and/or plant protein sources for fishmeal on the growth and body composition of juvenile abalone was determined. Nine experimental diets in triplicate were prepared: Con, SM, PM, CM, SPM, MB, SM+CM, SM+SPM and CM+SPM diets. A 350 g kg^?1 fishmeal was included in the Con diet, and the whole fishmeal was substituted with a 580 g kg^?1 soybean meal (SM), 335 g kg^?1 poultry meal (PM), 370 g kg^?1 corn gluten meal (CM), 325 g kg^?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (SPM), 590 g kg^?1 meat and bone meal (MB), the combined 290 g kg^?1 soybean meal and 180 g kg^?1 corn gluten meal (SM+CM), 290 g kg^?1 soybean meal and 160 g kg^?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (SM+SPM) and 180 g kg^?1 corn gluten meal and 170 g kg^?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (CM+SPM) diets respectively. All experimental diets were iso‐nitronic and iso‐lipidic. The survival of abalone fed with the SM and SM+SPM diets was higher than that of abalone fed with the CM, SPM, MB and CM+SPM diets. Weight gain of abalone fed with the SM+SPM diet was higher than that of abalone fed with all the other experimental diets, except for that of abalone fed with the SM+CM diet. The combined soybean meal and corn gluten meal (SM+CM) or silkworm pupae meal (SM+SPM) could be replaced with the whole fishmeal in the diet for abalone and improved its performance.     

Compensatory growth and body composition of juvenile black rockfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sebastes schlegeli</Emphasis> following feed deprivation

ABSTRACT:   Compensatory growth, feeding rate, feed efficiency and chemical composition of juvenile black rockfish (mean weight 1.43 g) were investigated for 35 days after a 14-day feed deprivation treatment under four feeding conditions: one group continuously fed (control) and the other three groups fasted for 5 days (F5), 10 days (F10) and 14 days (F14). All fasted fish were re-fed from day 15. Only F5 achieved the same body weight as the control, indicating that complete compensation occurred in F5. The specific growth rate (SGR) of F5 was the highest at day 21 and then decreased thereafter, showing higher values than the control at days 21, 28 and 42. In contrast, although SGRs of F10 and F14 were higher than that of the control during the whole refeeding period except day 21, they did not catch up the control in body mass, indicating that only partial compensation occurred in F10 and F14. The feeding rate (FR) of all groups except F14 changed in a pattern similar to SGR (Spearman's rank correlation, r _s > 0.9), suggesting that SGR varied depending on FR. Similar feeding efficiencies (FEs) were found in the four groups and they did not vary significantly during the whole refeeding period, suggesting that FE was not the factor affecting SGR. At day 14, the ratios of lipid to lean body mass in F10 and F14 were lower than those in the control and F5, and there was no difference between the control and F5. At day 49, however, only F14 showed a lower value than the other three groups, and there was no difference among the three groups. These results indicate that juvenile black rockfish fasted for 5–14 days can exhibit compensatory growth after refeeding, but timing and degree vary depending on the duration of feed deprivation.     

Development and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive with chicken CD83

This study was carried out to develop and characterize mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against chicken CD83 (chCD83), a membrane-bound glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily that is primarily expressed on mature dendritic cells (DCs). A recombinant chCD83/IgG4 fusion protein containing the extracellular region of chCD83 was expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and isolated from the spent cell culture medium by protein G affinity chromatography. The extracellular region of the chCD83 protein was purified and used to immunize mice. A cell fusion was performed, from which 342 hybridomas were screened for mAbs to chCD83. Two mAbs, chCD83-159 and chCD83-227, stained the greatest percentage of chCD83-transfected CHO cells and were selected for further characterization. By flow cytometry, both mAbs reacted with a chicken macrophage cell line, HD11. Both mAbs also recognized a single 53 kDa protein on Western blots of lysates from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen mononuclear cells or unstimulated HD11 cells. Immunostaining of chicken secondary lymphoid organs identified chCD83(+) cells with morphologic and subtissue localization properties comparable to mammalian DCs. In vitro stimulation of spleen mononuclear cells with concanavalin A (Con A) decreased the percentage of chCD83(+) cells compared with cells treated with medium alone. Interestingly, spleen cells treated with Con A in the presence of chCD83-227 mAb exhibited decreased percentage of MHCII(+) cells compared with cells treated with an isotype-matched negative control mAb. These chCD83 mAbs may be useful for future investigations of chicken immune cell maturation and mechanisms of action.     

The NURBS human body modeling using local knot removal

These days consumers’ various demands are accelerating research on apparel manufacturing system including automatic measurement, pattern generation, and clothing simulation. Accordingly, methods of reconstructing human body from point-clouds measured using a three dimensional scanning device are required for apparel CAD system to support these functions. In particular, we present in this study a human body reconstruction method focused on two issues, which are the decision of the number of control point for each sectional curve with error bound and the local knot removal for reducing the unusual concentration of control points. The approximation of sectional curves with error bounds as an approximation criterion leads all sectional curves to their own particular shapes apart from the number of control points. In addition, the application of the local knot removal to construction of human body sectional curves reduces the unusual concentration of control points effectively. The results may be used to produce an apparel CAD system as an automatic pattern generation system and a clothing simulation system through the low level control of NUBS or NURBS.     

Dermal pharmacokinetics of the insecticide furathiocarb in rats

The pharmacokinetics of furathiocarb were studied in vivo in male Sprague-Dawley rats following dermal treatment. HPLC and post-column derivatization were used for the analysis of furathiocarb and its metabolites (carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran). Carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran were detected in plasma and urine rather than furathiocarb. 3-Ketocarbofuran, another potential metabolite, was not observed in any sample. The concentration of carbofuran was higher than that of 3-hydroxycarbofuran in plasma, but the reverse was the case in urine. The corresponding area under the plasma concentration-time curve, Tmax, and Cmax values of carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran for 1500 mg kg-1 doses were 2.4-8.0 mg equiv hml-1, 12 h and 0.1-0.4 mg equiv ml-1, respectively. T1/2 was calculated only for 3-hydroxycarbofuran (28 h). Two metabolites were excreted in a dose-dependent manner without saturation.     

Changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus proper of adult and aged dogs

Astrocytes perform neuron-supportive tasks, repair and scarring process in the central nervous system. In this study, we observed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for astrocytes, immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus and hippocampus proper (CA1-3 region) of adult (2-3 years of age) and aged (10-12 years of age) dogs. In the adult group, GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes were distributed in all layers of the dentate gyrus and CA1-3 region, except in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1-3 region. In the aged group, GFAP immunoreactivity decreased markedly in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. However, GFAP immunoreactivity in the CA1-3 region increased in all layers, and the cytoplasm of GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes was hypertrophied. GFAP protein levels in the aged dentate gyrus decreased; however, GFAP levels in the CA1-3 region increased. These results suggest that the morphology of astrocytes and GFAP protein levels in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 region are changed, respectively, with age.     

Adsorption of metal and uranyl ions onto amidoximated Pinus densiflora bark

Pine (Pinus densiflora) bark was chemically modified by grafting with acrylonitrile (AN) through Fenton reaction and conversion of the cyano group to an amidoxime group by reaction with hydroxylamine. Treatments of pine bark with 160 mM H₂O₂ at 40°C yielded ~70% grafting in 6-h reaction. After alkali hydrolysis of amidoximated pine bark (AOPB), its adsorption capacity (q _e) for copper ions was largely increased from 0.5 to 1.8 mmol/g. Adsorption of the hydrolyzed AOPB (HAOPB) followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Among the metal ions tested, the order of adsorption capacity (q _e) predicted by the kinetic model at equilibrium time was Hg²⁺ > UO₂ ²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Ni²⁺. The adsorption process was pH-dependent, and the adsorption equilibrium was observed in the pH range of 6–7 for all the metal ions. Even though pine bark is a good adsorbent for Hg²⁺ and UO₂ ²⁺ ions, it had a poor affinity for the other ions tested. It was obviously found that HAOPB had very high adsorption abilities for heavy metal and uranyl ions.