扬糯麦1号8000 kg hm~(–2)以上高产群体质量指标

糯小麦因其独特的品质特性而在食品加工等领域有广泛的用途,但其高产栽培配套技术却鲜有研究,制约了该特种小麦的生产。2010年11月至2013年6月连续3个生长季,以扬糯麦1号为材料,通过密度和氮肥施用量及不同生育期施氮比例处理,构建不同产量水平群体,研究不同群体的产量结构及群体质量特征,以明确高产群体的产量结构及群体质量指标。结果表明,扬糯麦1号≥8000 kg hm–2高产群体的产量构成三要素特点是每公顷520~550万穗、每穗43~46粒、千粒重32~37 g。高产群体拔节期最适茎蘖数为穗数的2.3~2.5倍,茎蘖成穗率为44%~49%,分蘖成穗率为25%~33%,孕穗期和乳熟期的最适叶面积指数(LAI)分别为6.2~6.5和3.2~4.0,开花期干物质积累量为10 000~11 600kg hm–2,花后干物质积累量达5900 kg hm–2以上,适宜粒叶比达0.36粒cm–2叶和12.40 mg cm–2叶以上。高产群体各生育时期LAI值、花后干物质积累量和粒叶比均高于中高产群体(7500~8000 kg hm–2)及中产群体(7500 kg hm–2)。3年中扬糯麦1号均达到高产指标的小区具有以下特征:基本苗为225×104 hm–2,总施氮量为240 kg hm–2,氮肥运筹(基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥)比例为5∶1∶2∶2。     

盐胁迫对柳树无性系SH31离子含量及光合作用的影响

以柳树无性系SH31为试材,研究了NaCl溶液半抑制浓度胁迫下根、茎、叶中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺ 的分布规律及叶片光合特性的变化。结果表明:在NaCl溶液半抑制浓度(0.6%)下,SH31耐盐性较强;在0.6% NaCl溶液胁迫下,根部在前16 d积累大量Na⁺并拦截部分Na⁺向地上部运输;盐胁迫降低了根、茎部对 K⁺ 的吸收,而叶部却保持较高的K⁺ 含量来维持离子平衡;Ca²⁺含量在根、茎、叶中与对照的相当。在NaCl溶液半抑制浓度盐胁迫下,SH31 的净光合速率前7 d降低之后保持稳定,而气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂先降后升,表明前7 d的蒸腾速率下降的主要原因在于气孔限制。SH31根部对Na⁺ 选择性吸收并维持K⁺、Ca²⁺的高含量及维持较高光合作用是其重要的耐盐机制。     

南疆深度贫困地区相对贫困治理路径研究——以和田洛浦县为例

以和田洛浦县为例,在分析该地区脱贫攻坚现状及问题的基础上,从农户角度、政府角度、市场角度和社会环境角度4个方面解析南疆深度贫困地区相对贫困的成因.研究发现,深度贫困地区的相对贫困是资源、人文、市场、制度以及贫困者自身素质等因素共同作用的结果.为此,要不断完善贫困地区教育扶贫、基础设施建设等,以产业为依托,不断增强农户的自我脱贫能力;要完善制度保障机制,发挥市场在扶贫致富工作中的重要作用的同时,促进相对贫困治理与农村下一阶段发展战略有效衔接.     

磺胺类抗生素的污染现状与去除技术研究进展

随着社会经济的不断发展,磺胺类抗生素在医药和养殖业中被广泛应用,其在环境中难以降解,该类抗生素引起的环境污染问题引起了人们的广泛关注.介绍了磺胺类药物性质,对其污染现状、危害及其在环境中的迁移转化状况进行了阐述,总结了水中磺胺类抗生素处理技术的研究进展,指出了存在的问题并对今后的研究方向提出展望.     

雪茄烟叶发酵过程中颜色参数与发酵品质的关系

【目的】分析发酵过程中雪茄烟叶颜色参数与多酚类物质、化学成分及评吸质量的关系,为快速分析雪茄烟叶发酵过程中发酵品质提供参考。【方法】以调制后的德雪3号中部二级雪茄烟叶为试验材料,采用人工堆积法进行发酵30 d,从发酵开始每隔5 d取样1次,直至发酵结束。测定发酵过程中烟叶颜色参数（亮度值（L^*）、红度值（a^*）、黄度值（b^*）、饱和度（C）、色泽比（H）、色相角（H⁰）、色差值（ΔE））、多酚类物质（莨菪亭、绿原酸、芸香苷、总酚）含量、化学成分（总糖、还原糖、总氮、蛋白质）含量及评吸质量（香气质、香气量、劲头、浓度、余味、杂气、刺激性、甜度、灰色）的变化,分析颜色参数变化与多酚类物质、化学成分及评吸质量的关系,并建立动态变化预测回归方程。【结果】随着发酵进程的推进,雪茄烟叶多酚类物质（莨菪亭、绿原酸、芸香苷、总酚）含量、化学成分（总糖、还原糖、总氮、蛋白质）含量与颜色参数L^*、a^*、b^*、C值均呈缓慢降低的变化趋势,H值呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,H⁰值呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,ΔE值呈缓慢上升的变化趋势。发酵25~30 d烟叶的评吸质量较好,各评吸指标较未发酵烟叶均有明显提升。相关分析表明,发酵过程中雪茄烟叶颜色参数与多酚类物质、化学成分和评吸质量达显著或极显著水平。回归分析表明,多酚类物质和化学成分对发酵过程中雪茄烟叶颜色变化有直接影响,评吸质量与颜色参数关系密切。【结论】通过量化雪茄烟叶发酵过程中颜色参数,建立发酵过程中评吸质量变化模型,提高雪茄烟叶发酵过程中的可调控性及烟叶品质。     

PROGRESS ON IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY: UK-CHINA VIRTUAL JOINT CENTERS ON NITROGEN AGRONOM

● Virtual joint centers on N agronomy were established between UK and China. ● Key themes were improving NUE for fertilizers, utilizing livestock manures, and soil health. ● Improved management practices and technologies were identified and assessed. ● Fertilizer emissions and improved manure management are key targets for mitigation. Two virtual joint centers for nitrogen agronomy were established between the UK and China to facilitate collaborative research aimed at improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in agricultural production systems and reducing losses of reactive N to the environment. Major focus areas were improving fertilizer NUE, use of livestock manures, soil health, and policy development and knowledge exchange. Improvements to fertilizer NUE included attention to application rate in the context of yield potential and economic considerations and the potential of improved practices including enhanced efficiency fertilizers, plastic film mulching and cropping design. Improved utilization of livestock manures requires knowledge of the available nutrient content, appropriate manure processing technologies and integrated nutrient management practices. Soil carbon, acidification and biodiversity were considered as important aspects of soil health. Both centers identified a range of potential actions that could be taken to improve N management, and the research conducted has highlighted the importance of developing a systems-level approach to assessing improvement in the overall efficiency of N management and avoiding unintended secondary effects from individual interventions. Within this context, the management of fertilizer emissions and livestock manure at the farm and regional scales appear to be particularly important targets for mitigation.     

不同精粗比饲粮中添加壳聚糖对体外瘤胃发酵甲烷产量和发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在利用长期人工瘤胃系统——Rusitec系统研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加壳聚糖对体外瘤胃发酵甲烷产量和发酵特性的影响。采用2×2两因子试验设计,2个因子分别为饲粮精粗比[30∶70(低精料饲粮)和70∶30(高精料饲粮)]和是否添加壳聚糖(0和1 500 mg/罐),共构成4组,每组4个重复。结果表明:与低精料饲粮相比,高精料饲粮显著降低了甲烷产量,中性洗涤纤维和粗蛋白质的降解率,发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了总产气量和丙酸含量(P<0.05);添加壳聚糖显著降低了甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质的降解率、发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了丙酸含量(P<0.05);在甲烷产量和总产气量,粗蛋白质的降解率,0、6 h发酵液氨氮浓度,0、12 h发酵液乙酸/丙酸上,2个因子存在互作(P<0.05),高精料饲粮中添加壳聚糖对甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质降解率、发酵液氨氮浓度的降低幅度大于低精料饲粮,对总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸的降低幅度小于低精料饲粮。以上结果表明,改变饲粮的精粗比和添加壳聚糖均能够改变瘤胃发酵模式,且二者之间存在互作,壳聚糖在精粗比为70∶30的饲粮中添加效果优于精粗比为30∶70的饲粮。     

不同给药方式下培氟沙星在鲤体内的药代动力学研究

在水温为18℃下,按10 mg/kg（体质量）对体质量为（200±30）g的福瑞鲤Cyprinus carpio单次肌肉注射和混饲口灌培氟沙星,于不同时间点采集鲤血浆、肌肉、肝胰脏、肾脏组织,经超高液相色谱法测定各组织中培氟沙星的浓度,并采用DAS 3.0药物代谢动力学软件的非房室模型统计矩方法分析药时数据。结果表明：混饲口灌给药和肌注给药后,培氟沙星的药时曲线下面积（ AUC）分别为88.35、139.9 mg·h/L,达峰浓度（ Cmax ）分别为2.092、3.687 mg/L,达峰时间（ Tmax ）分别为4.0、0.5 h,消除半衰期（ t1/2）分别为22.301、74.357 h,表观分布容积（ Vd ）分别为5.464、15.342 L/kg,总体清除率（ CL ）分别为0.170、0.143 L·kg/h。研究表明,肌肉注射给药较混饲口灌达峰时间短,达峰浓度高,半衰期长,生物利用度高。     

Expression of TMEM16A as a calcium-activated chloride channel in Fischer rat thyroid follicular epithelial cells and its electrophysiologic pro-perties

AIM：To investigate the expression of transmembrane protein 16A(TMEM16A) in Fischer rat thyroid follicular epithelial (FRT) cells and its electrophysiologic properties. METHODS：The eukaryotic expression vector of pUB6/V5-TMEM16A was constructed and transfected into FRT cells by liposome-mediated transfection. In order to obtain the high efficiency of gene transfection and expression, the quantity and ratio of lipid/DNA complexes were optimized. The FRT cells stably expressing TMEM16A were gained by the selection with blasticidin and confirmed by the techniques of RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The expression and location of TMEM16A in the FRT cells were observed under an inverted fluorescence microscope. TMEM16A protein was associated with calcium-dependent chloride current, as measured with halide-sensitive fluorescent protein and patch-clamp technique. RESULTS：The results of double digestion and sequencing indicated that TMEM16A was cloned into pUB6/V5. The results of RT-PCR and immunofluorescence confirmed that TMEM16A was expressed in the FRT cells after transfection with TMEM16A. The classical calcium-activated chloride channel currents were recorded in the FRT cells stably expressing TMEM16A by the technique of patch-clamp and halide-sensitive fluorescent protein YFP-H148Q/I152L. CONCLUSION：The protein expression of TMEM16A in the FRT cells was observed. TMEM16A is the molecular identity of calcium-activated chloride channels.     

基于竞争优势的中国水产品出口贸易转型研究

中国是水产品生产和贸易大国,但还不是水产品生产和贸易强国。在水产品出口贸易中,由于生产成本不断上升、水产品深加工程度不高以及出口市场过于集中、国际贸易保护主义有所抬头等因素,我国水产品出口面临着愈来愈大的竞争压力。在国际竞争格局发生重大变化的背景下,保持我国水产品出口竞争力,必须通过技术进步、规模经营、质量管理和市场多元化战略,形成新的竞争优势。