油莎豆排种离散元仿真参数标定与试验

油莎豆种球形状不规则,表面凹凸不平,国内油莎豆播种装置多数是基于大粒种球排种器进行改进,由于离散元模拟试验过程中缺乏准确的仿真参数,导致对排种器进行仿真优化分析时产生误差。针对此问题,本文测量油莎豆种子的本征参数和与排种装置间的接触参数,利用逆向工程技术构建油莎豆种子颗粒填充模型。依据方形壳体和圆筒的仿真堆积试验结果,采用Plackett-Burman试验筛选出对种群堆积角有显著影响的种间静摩擦因数和种间滚动摩擦因数,建立以这两种显著影响因子为自变量、种群堆积角为响应值的二元回归方程。用Matlab对方程组求解后得到标定后的种间静摩擦因数和种间滚动摩擦因数分别为0.246、0.083。为检验标定后参数的可靠性,在EDEM中进行仿真验证试验,结果显示方形壳体装置仿真和物理堆积角的误差为0.43%,圆筒装置仿真和物理堆积角的误差为0.55%。为进一步验证标定后参数的准确性,采用气力式精量排种器,并选取3个关键特征尺寸和堆积截面积占比率,待种群稳定后将仿真和物理试验做对比,最后得到进种口种群上边界最大凸点处与排种盘水平中心线距离H1、种群轮廓边界与透明观察窗左侧竖线的交点到排种盘水平中心线距离H2和堆积截面积占比率r等参数的相对误差均在8.33%以内。     

甘蔗收获机割台随动控制系统设计与试验

针对国内现有甘蔗收获机无法对割台高度实施自动控制的问题,设计了一种割台随动控制系统。系统由自重摆动式仿形机构、STM32控制器、位移传感器、上位机模组、按键模块、电磁阀及驱动模组组成。自重摆动式仿形机构与地面直接接触并保持贴附,实时检测收获作业时的地面起伏变化,同时可以依靠仿形机构外廓曲面减小收获机倒退时地面对自身关键部件的冲击。建立割台高度控制参数模型,运用PID控制算法,有效地实现收获机割台高度的精确控制,进一步提升了甘蔗收获机自动化水平和工作性能。田间试验结果表明,收获机在安装割台随动控制系统后,割台随地形起伏变化而变化,使破头率降低,平均破头率为21%,通过与人工控制收获试验对比,平均破头率下降18.5个百分点。     

基于无人机偏振遥感的水稻冠层氮素含量反演模型

受水稻冠层几何结构的影响,传统的无人机高光谱获取到的反射光谱信息中包含与水稻内部组成物质无关的镜面反射信息,从而影响水稻氮素含量的反演精度,因此在利用无人机获取水稻冠层反射光谱信息时,有必要考虑通过偏振测量技术去除反射光谱中的镜面反射分量,进而实现提升水稻氮素含量反演精度的目的。基于无人机偏振遥感测量得到的水稻分蘖期多角度偏振光谱数据和与之对应的氮素含量数据,采用植被指数方法分析二者之间的相关性,得到了水稻冠层偏振光谱数据与其对应氮素含量相关性最高时对应的角度,选取该观测角度下的偏振光谱数据,利用连续投影法(Successive projections algorithm, SPA)提取特征波段,在此基础上,基于数学变换的方法,提出了构建植被指数的新思路,构建了由2个波段组成的偏振光谱植被指数(Polarisation spectrum vegetation index, PSVI),并利用线性回归方法建立水稻冠层氮素含量的反演模型。结果表明,通过对不同观测天顶角下水稻冠层偏振光谱数据与氮素含量相关性分析,得到最佳观测角度为-15°(后向观测15°);利用连续投影法提取得到该角度下偏振...     

不同产地蔓荆子种子质量研究

目的：研究3个主产区蔓荆子种子的质量,为规范化种植蔓荆子提供参考。方法：对山东、江西和广西3个蔓荆子主产区的蔓荆子进行质量检测,包括性状特征、净度、千粒重、发芽率和生活力测定。结果：山东、江西两个产区蔓荆子非常相似,与广西产区的有明显的区别;净度分别为83．2％、92．5％和97．6％;千粒重分别为58．6g、60g和60．8g;发芽率为0;生活力为26．7％、30．3％和36．6％;种胚多数发育不好。结论：3个产区的蔓荆子种子不能作繁殖材料使用。     

Design, synthesis, and quantitative structure-activity relationship study of herbicidal analogues of pyrazolo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazin-4(3H)ones

A series of pyrazolo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazin-4(3H)one derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their herbicidal activities where some of these compounds provided >80% control of Brassica campestris at 10 microg/mL. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies were performed on these compounds using physicochemical parameters (electronic, Verloop, or hydrophobic) as independent parameters and herbicidal activity as a dependent parameter, where herbicidal activity correlated best (r > 0.8) with physicochemical parameters in this set of molecules. The herbicidal activity against B. campestris was mainly affected by the molar refractivity (MR) for R1, Taft (Eso) for R2 or R6, Verloop (Lm) for R3 or R5, and electronic parameters (Hammett's constants) for R4. The optimal MR for herbicidal activity is 0.95. The herbicidal activity against Echinochloa crus-galli was mainly related with the substituents' hydrophobic parameter. The optimal pi parameters for R1 and R4 for herbicidal activity are 0.72 and 0.68, respectively. In general, these compounds showed greater herbicidal activity toward B. campestris than E. crus-galli.     

饲用型牧草东科“巨谷”改土培肥效应研究

在河西走廊盐土上种植饲用型牧草东科"巨谷",改土培肥效果明显。种植巨谷3年与CK比较,0～20cm土层中自然含水量增加99.72g kg-1、土壤贮水量增加171.78m3 hm-2、>0.25mm团粒结构增加22.64%、总孔度增加13.64%、毛管孔度增加8.05%、土壤容重降低0.23g cm3;pH由8.03降到7.79,全盐含量降低3.70 g kg-1,脱盐率达到70.34%;土壤有机质增加2.98 g kg-1、速效N、P、K分别增加14.74mg kg-1、2.26mg kg-1、37.26 mg kg-1。种植巨谷3年,平均株高265.25cm,茎粗3.80cm,单株鲜重1165.62g,单株干重384.65g,鲜草产量78.68t hm-2,干草产量25.96t hm-2,产值7300元hm-2。     

Flumorph Is a Novel Fungicide That Disrupts Microfilament Organization in Phytophthora melonis

ABSTRACT The mechanism of the effects of flumorph (a novel fungicide) was investigated by analyzing alterations of hyphal morphology, cell wall deposition patterns, F-actin organization, and other organelles in Phytophthora melonis. Calcofluor white staining suggested that flumorph did not inhibit the synthesis of cell wall materials, but disturbed the polar deposition of newly synthesized cell wall materials during cystospore germination and hyphal growth. After exposure to flumorph, zoospores were able to switch into cystospores accompanied with the formation of a cell wall, whereas cystospores failed to induce the isotropic-polar switch and did not produce germ tubes but continued the isotropic growth phase. In flumorph-treated hyphae, the most characteristic change was the development of periodic swelling ("beaded" morphology) and the disruption of tip growth. Newly synthesized cell wall materials were deposited uniformly throughout the diffuse expanded region of hyphae, in contrast to their normal polarized patterns of deposition. These alterations were the result of F-actin disruption, identified with the fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC)-phalloidin staining. The disruption of F-actin also was accompanied by disorganized organelles: each swelling of subapical hyphae was associated with a nucleus. Vesicles did not undergo polarized secretion to the apical hyphae, but diffused around nuclei for the subapical growth; thus, the cell wall was thickened with periodic expansion along the hyphae. Upon removing flumorph, normal tip growth and organized F-actin were observed again. These data, as well as data published earlier, suggest that flumorph may be involved in the impairment of cell polar growth through directly or indirectly disrupting the organization of F-actin. The primary site of action by flumorph in the disruption of the F-actin organization is under investigation.     

甘肃省油菜种业发展现状与对策

油菜种业是油菜产业化的基础,甘肃省是国家三大种业核心基地之一,为了给甘肃省油菜种业的健康发展提供参考,通过对甘肃省油菜种业发展现状的梳理,分析了甘肃省油菜种业发展面临的主要问题,提出了整合科研资源,提升科研育种创新能力;加大投入力度,建设现代油菜种业生产基地;深化品牌建设,提升油菜种业核心竞争力;加大科企合作力度,推进油菜种业育繁推销一体化;强化市场监管,建立油菜种业检疫监管体系等发展对策。     

水肥耦合对沙培番茄生长发育及品质的影响

【目的】 研究适合新疆南疆设施番茄黄沙无土栽培种植模式的水肥运筹选择。【方法】 以不同灌水量、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥为因素,每个因素设定5个水平,采用四元二次通用旋转组合设计的1/2,进行沙培番茄温室栽培试验。测定株高、茎粗、叶厚、叶面积、叶绿素含量、地上部干重、地上部鲜重、地下部干重、地下部鲜重、根系活力、产量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、有机酸、糖酸比、VC、番茄红素等17项指标,进行相关性和主成分分析。【结果】 （1）中肥低水或中水低肥有助于促进番茄植株株高、茎粗和叶面积生长,增加同化物积累,并提高叶片叶绿素相对含量及根系活力。其中,T₉处理地上部干鲜重较重,分别为72.30和616.70 g,根系活力较大,为917.09 μg/（g·h）。（2）高水高肥或低水高肥时可有效提高产量,改善番茄果实品质。其中,T₃处理产量较高,为8 102.72 kg/667m²;T₅处理有机酸含量较多,为0.65%;T₁₄处理番茄红素含量较高,为15.80 mg/kg。（3）各指标与产量和品质均有一定的相关性。其中,叶厚与番茄红素含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;有机酸含量与叶面积极显著相关（P<0.01）;地上部干重与产量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;地下部干重与VC含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。（4）提取7个主成分,通过主成分的特征值加权计算17个性状主成分因子的综合得分。其中,T₉处理的综合得分最高,为0.695,T₁₅处理的综合得分最低,为0.295。【结论】 T₉处理即灌水量310 mm、施氮量570 kg/hm²,施磷量438 kg/hm²、施钾量738 kg/hm²,可以有效促进沙培番茄生长发育并改善品质。     

京山地区对节白蜡与"京翠"亲缘关系的cpSSR分析

为研究对节白蜡（Fraxinus hupehensis）与“京翠”在分子水平的遗传距离和遗传一致性。利用叶绿体微卫星（Chloroplast microsatellite,cpSSR）分子标记技术,对京山地区采集到的对节白蜡和“京翠”进行亲缘关系研究,并与其他物种共同构建UPGMA聚类图。结果发现,22对cpSSR引物共扩增出了88条多态性带,根据遗传一致度构建2个样本和其他物种数据的UPGMA聚类图,10个样本聚成5个大类：第Ⅰ类包括2个样本,分别为“京翠”和豆科物种;第Ⅱ类为对节白蜡、茄科、猕猴桃科、蔷薇科和桃金娘科;龙舌兰科、禾本科和十字花科分别归属于第Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ类。这表明对节白蜡与“京翠”之间存在一定的亲缘性,但是两者亲缘性不高。