粉蕉、大蕉和龙牙蕉的AFLP分类研究

 应用AFLP 技术, 对32 个粉蕉、大蕉、龙牙蕉品种进行了遗传多样性分析及分类研究。在分子水平上, 可将供试品种聚为6 个独立群体, 其中包括3 个分别由单一品种组成的群体(群体Ⅳ: 酸大蕉;群体Ⅴ: 孟变; 群体Ⅵ: 千旁培) ; 可以将群体Ⅰ (大蕉) 和群体Ⅱ (粉蕉) 分别划分为3 个品种群, 将群体Ⅲ (龙牙蕉) 划分为2个品种群。参照Simmonds 的形态学分类方法, 研究结果显示粉蕉、大蕉以及龙牙蕉各个品种之间存在丰富的遗传多样性, 将其划分为AAB 或ABB 等类型, 不能反映品种间的亲缘关系; 粉蕉与大蕉两个类群之间遗传距离差异明显, 将其简单的归为ABB 类型是不妥当的。     

果树种质资源离体保存研究进展

综述了国内外果树种质离体保存方面的研究进展,简单介绍了种子保存,常规的细胞、组织和器官保存方法。超低温保存是一项长期稳定保存种质的方法,能减慢细胞代谢和完全抑制生长,概述了超低温保存的原理、技术要点和主要优点,以及影响超低温保存的因素:包括植物材料的性质、预处理、冰冻保护剂种类、降温方法、解冻方法以及解冻后处理等,并对今后果树种质保存提出了一些建议。     

荔枝品种亲缘关系的AFLP分析

 应用AFLP技术，对39个荔枝品种进行了遗传多样性分析及分类研究。筛选出适于荔枝AFLP分析的最佳引物组合3对，分别为EcoRI AAC+MseI CTG，EcoPd AGC+MseI CAT，EcoRI ACC+Msel CAT。在分子水平上，荔枝品种的遗传多样性并非形态学性状所体现的那样丰富。AFLP分析将39个荔枝品种分成了6组，与传统的以果皮龟裂片隆起类型为分类标准的分类没有一致性。初步建立起荔枝主要栽培品种的分子标记标准图谱。应用AFLP技术对来自两个不同地方的两个荔枝品种(桂味、妃子笑)进行了鉴别。     

琯溪蜜柚光合特性的研究

 利用Li-6400 光合作用仪对田间条件下7 年生琯溪蜜柚的光合特性进行了系统研究。结果表明: (1) 琯溪蜜柚外围叶片晴天的净光合速率(P_n) 日变化为双峰曲线, 首峰出现在8～10 时, 次峰值小于首峰值, 出现在14 时以后; 阴天呈单峰曲线; 内膛叶片P_n 日变化有双峰、单峰和锯齿形3 种类型。(2)观测期内P_n季节变化近似双峰曲线。(3) 不同月份和不同枝条叶片Pn 对光和CO₂ 响应有较大差别, 光补偿点和饱和点分别为16～46 和1 026～1 656μmol·m^-2·s^-1 , 表观量子效率0.01725～0.05431 ; CO₂ 补偿点和饱和点分别为51～80 和822～926μmol·mol ^-1 , 羧化效率0.01769～0.05191 ;P_n对CO₂ 的响应进程近似双曲线。(4) P_n与气孔导度、蒸腾速率、光照强度正相关, 与胞间CO₂ 浓度负相关, 与温度、湿度和叶面水气压亏缺的相关性比较复杂。(5) P_n 与叶片的叶绿素含量和比叶重之间没有明显相关性。(6) 光合适温为24～34 ℃。     

几种化学物质诱导黄瓜对霜霉病的抗性

在黄瓜幼苗子叶期及第1真叶期用苯酚、水杨酸、无水对氨基苯磺酸和氯化钾进行诱导接种,可使黄瓜植株产生对霜霉病的抗病性。在自然病原激发病害的试验中,经上述4种化学物质诱导的植株,其病株率比CK分别降低30％、0％、20％和20％;病叶率发别降低20.61％、6.80％、31.62％和20.72％;相对免疫效果分别为21.73％、35.19％、59.61％和40.84％。在人工接种病原激发病害试验中,经上述4种化学物质诱导的植株,其病株率分别降低28.57％、42.86％、57.14％和28.57％;病叶率分别降低89.13％、63.13％、72.96％和82.75％;相对免疫效果分别为91.15％、33.33％、55.99％和52.81％。     

Effects of concentrate‐to‐forage ratios and 2‐methylbutyrate supplementation on ruminal fermentation,bacteria abundance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Chinese Simmental steers

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate levels and 2‐methylbutyrate (2MB ) supplementation on performance, ruminal fermentation, bacteria abundance, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD ) in steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (12 months of age; 389 ± 3.7 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Moderate‐concentrate (400 g/kg diet [MC ]) or high‐concentrate (600 g/kg diet [HC ]) diets were fed with or without 2MB (0 g/day [2MB ?] or 15.0 g/day [2MB +]). Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased, but feed conversion ratio decreased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Ruminal pH decreased, but total volatile fatty acid increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Molar proportion of acetate and acetate‐to‐propionate ratio decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Propionate molar proportion and ruminal NH ₃‐N content increased with the HC diet, but decreased with 2MB supplementation. Neutral detergent fibre degradability decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Crude protein degradability increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Abundance of Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens , Fibrobacter succinogenes and Bufyrivibrio fibrisolvens as well as activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. However, abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus as well as activities of α‐amylase and protease increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Total PD excretion also increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. The results suggested that growth performance, ruminal fermentation, CP degradability and total PD excretion increased with increasing dietary concentrate level from 40% to 60% or 2MB supplementation. The observed diet × 2MB interaction indicated that supplementation of 2MB was more efficacious for improving growth performance, ruminal fermentation and total PD excretion with promoted ruminal bacteria abundance and enzyme activity in the MC diet than in the HC diet.     

Hybridization between Crassostrea hongkongensis and Crassostrea ariakensis at Different Salinities

To evaluate the survival and growth performance of hybrid larvae and juveniles, we conducted hybridization experiments between Crassostrea hongkongensis and Crassostrea ariakensis at three salinities (15, 23, and 30 ppt). Hybrid fertilization occurred in one direction (C. hongkongensis ♀ and C. ariakensis ♂), and the fertilization rates did not differ significantly among the three trial salinities. Molecular genetics analysis revealed that hybrid progenies were true hybrids. Hybrid juveniles survived better than C. hongkongensis juveniles at a salinity of 30 ppt. Hybrid larvae and juveniles showed intermediate growth between C. hongkongensis and C. ariakensis progenies. The growth of hybrid juveniles was significantly greater than that of C. hongkongensis juveniles at a salinity of 30 ppt. Overall, C. hongkongensis has a high economic value but favorable hatchery and farm of this species is restricted to lower salinity sites. Because the hybrids were shown to have greater growth and survival characteristics at high salinity, hybrids may be a more desirable candidate to be cultured in those areas of China with higher salinities, such as the Bohai Sea of China where the salinity is usually 30 ppt.     

深松旋耕全层施肥联合整地机施肥量影响因素分析

针对深松旋耕全层施肥联合整地机在作业过程中存在施肥不均、精度较低等现象,对影响施肥量因素进行分析,确定排肥轴转速、排肥器开度以及肥箱料位高度为影响因素,设计三因素五水平正交试验,以施肥量变异系数为评价指标,进行极差分析和方差分析得出影响因素主次顺序:肥箱料位高度>排肥轴转速>排肥器开度,其中料位高度对施肥量变异系数的影响高度显著,为后续肥箱肥料监测系统提供理论基础。施肥量变异系数在0.19%~3.12%之间,满足试验要求。运用最小二乘法建立施肥量关于排肥轴转速、排肥器开度和肥箱料位高度之间的数学模型。经检验:数学模型值与实测值的相关系数达到0.889,可以作为施肥精量控制相关技术参数的选择依据。     

SYJ-2型液肥变量施肥机设计与试验

变量施肥技术是精准农业的重要组成部分,依据农业生产要求设计了与轮式拖拉机配套的SYJ-2型三点悬挂式液肥变量施肥机。以单片机作为核心处理器,以电磁比例调节阀为执行部件,设计编写了液肥变量控制系统以及与硬件配套的上位机软件,用于采集数据与发送命令;关键部件内腔式旋转扎穴机构采用5个全等椭圆齿轮传动,液肥在内腔流动,在减少外部连接软管的同时,防止了管路缠绕;液肥分配器的功能是适时开启和关闭,实现液肥的不连续射出,进而完成穴施作业;同时对内腔式旋转扎穴机构和液肥分配器进行了结构设计。田间试验结果表明,施肥深度为地表12~15 cm,施肥精度为99.1%,满足液态变量施肥作业要求。     

连续式秸秆捆烧锅炉设计与供暖工程减排潜力分析

针对连续式捆烧设备在连续进料过程中,秸秆捆连续稳定燃烧性能差、挥发分气体燃烧不充分、秸秆捆难燃尽,而导致热效率低、排放高的问题,该研究基于分级燃烧原理与秸秆捆燃烧特性,在设计计算过程中,对燃烧、换热、配风系统等较为重要设计参数给出了合理的参考值,并通过烟气预热干燥秸秆捆、增加挥发分二次燃尽的三级风、往复炉排增加捆间间隙等方式提高秸秆捆的燃烧性能。设备试制后,利用玉米秸秆捆为燃料开展了热工与排放性能试验。试验结果表明,连续式秸秆捆烧锅炉的平均热效率为80.37%,颗粒物、NOx、SO2平均排放质量浓度分别为48、197、7 mg/m3,环保与能效指标均符合设计要求与国家标准。并对建立的采暖示范工程进行排放、污染物等测算,结果表明采用秸秆捆烧供暖单位面积可减少标煤使用量23.1 kg/m2,CO2当量排放量58 kg/m2。该研究能为秸秆能源化利用与北方清洁区域供暖提供技术支撑,助力农业农村领域碳达峰、碳中和的目标实现。