马铃薯干腐病病原镰孢菌体内产细胞壁降解酶特性研究

干腐病是马铃薯窖储期的主要病害,病原菌往往通过薯块表面的机械擦伤入侵块茎并破坏块茎的薄壁细胞而进行侵染,其中病菌的进一步扩展需要降解寄主细胞壁,因此,针对干腐病病原镰孢菌产酶特性的研究具有重要意义。以接骨木镰孢菌（Fusarium sambucinum）、燕麦镰孢菌（Fusarium avenaceum）、拟丝孢镰孢菌（Fusarium trichothecioides）、黄色镰孢菌（Fusarium culmorum）、拟枝孢镰孢菌（Fusarium sporotriodides）为试验菌种,以克新1号为寄主材料,对5种镰孢菌体内产细胞壁降解酶特性及温度对这些致病菌的产酶特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,当5种镰孢菌接种在马铃薯薯块上后,均可以产生羧甲基纤维素酶（Cx）、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶（PMG）,其中Cx的活性在侵染后期最高,PMG在侵染前期较高,且Cx活性低于PMG。在温度对镰孢菌活体内产细胞壁降解酶的影响试验中发现,相对于不接菌对照,Cx、PMG的活性在25℃时较高,β-葡萄糖苷酶在20℃下活性较高,PG在20℃和25℃的活性都较高。以上结果说明：镰孢菌侵染马铃薯时会产生大量的细胞壁降解酶,Cx活性在侵染后期较高,PMG活性在侵染前期较高,且低温不利于真菌细胞壁降解酶的产生。     

不同基因型燕麦萌发期耐盐碱性分析及其鉴定指标的筛选

为探究不同燕麦品种萌发期的盐碱胁迫耐性,筛选适宜于松嫩平原种植的燕麦品种,用NaHCO₃胁迫模拟松嫩平原盐碱环境,对49份来自国内外不同地区的主栽燕麦品种进行了研究。试验测定了150mmol/LNaHCO₃胁迫下燕麦种子的发芽率（GR）、发芽势（GP）、发芽指数（GI）、活力指数（VI）、胚根鲜重（RFW）、胚芽鲜重（GFW）、胚根干重（RDW）、胚芽干重（GDW）、胚根长（RL）和胚芽长（GL）10个生长指标,运用不同方法对其进行数据分析,进而评定不同燕麦品种的耐盐碱等级。结果表明：通过对各生长指标的耐盐碱系数进行主分量分析,得到GP、RFW、RL相互独立的3个综合指标,涵盖了全部数据92.182%的信息量;通过隶属函数分析和聚类分析将49份燕麦品种分为4类,其中蒙燕1号、SX3、晋燕9号为高度耐盐碱品种,T6、T13等5个品种为耐盐碱品种,坝莜12号、SX2等29个品种为中度耐盐碱品种,HLJ 1、白燕7号等12个品种为盐碱敏感品种;由逐步回归分析方法得到最优回归方程D=-0.09+0.447GP+1.018RFW+0.366RL（R ²=1.000）,可为快速筛选耐盐碱燕麦品种提供科学依据。     

Influence of organic and inorganic passivators on Cd and Pb stabilization and microbial biomass in a contaminated paddy soil

Purpose

Soil contamination with heavy metals, such as Cd and Pb, has caused severe health and environmental risks all over the world. Possible eco-friendly solutions for Cd and Pb immobilization were required to reduce its mobility through various cost-effective amendments.

Materials and methods

A laboratory incubation study was conducted to assess the efficiency of biochar (BC), zeolite (ZE), and rock phosphate (RP) as passivators for the stabilization of Cd and Pb in paddy soil as well as soil microbial biomass. Various extraction techniques were carried out: a sequential extraction procedure, the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test, and single extraction with CaCl₂. The impact of passivators on soil pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) was examined in the metal contaminated soil.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the exchangeable portion of Cd in soil was significantly reduced by 34.8, 21.6, and 18.8% with ZE, RP, and BC at a 3% application rate, respectively. A similar tendency of reduction in Pb soluble portion was observed by ZE (9.6%), RP (20%), and BC (21.4%) at a 3% application rate. Moreover, the TCLP leachate of Cd and Pb was apparently reduced by 17 and 30.3% with BC at a 3% application dose, respectively, when compared to the control. Soil pH, nutrients, and microbial biomass C, N, and P were significantly increased with the addition of BC, RP, and ZE passivators.

Conclusions

The results showed that the incorporation of BC, ZE, and RP significantly reduced the Cd and Pb mobility in paddy soil as well as enhanced soil nutrients and microbial biomass. Overall, among all the amendments, rice straw derived-BC performed better for Cd and Pb immobilization in paddy soil.

     

Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> species associated with soybean root rot in Sichuan Province,China

Soybean root rot is a worldwide soil-borne fungal disease threatening soybean production, causing large loss in yield and quality of soybean. Fusarium species are well recognized as the important causal agent of Fusarium root rot, which are often distinct with respect to various factors in different soybean-producing regions around the world. Recently, Fusarium root rot has been frequently reported in Sichuan Province of China, where is unique in its climate and diverse cropping patterns, but it is still unclear about the predominant Fusarium species and their pathogenicity on soybean. In this study, diseased soybean roots were collected from three regions of Sichuan Province during 2014–2015. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene, 78 isolates of Fusarium were identified as nine distinct species. Pathogenicity tests showed that seven species of Fusarium were able to infect soybean, but differed in pathogenicity. F. oxysporum, F. equiseti and F. graminearum were the most aggressive species to soybean, whereas F. fujikuroi and F. verticillioides were not pathogenic to soybean. There was a strong positive correlation of the pathogenicity of Fusarium species with seedling emergence and fresh root weight. In addition, the diversity of Fusarium species varied among soybean-growing regions. To our knowledge, this report on population and pathogenicity of Fusarium species, in particular, F. graminearum, associated with soybean root rot in Sichuan Province of southwest China, will be helpful to provide effective control strategies for the disease.     

辽宁地区玉米耗水量与产量的关系

为探讨生长季自然降水条件下水分状况对玉米产量的影响,利用锦州2011、2012年和2014年玉米分期播种试验数据和1981—2010年辽宁农业气象历史资料,研究干旱年份水分与玉米产量的定量关系。结果表明:玉米产量和总耗水量间呈二次抛物线的关系(R~2=0.793,F=105,P=0.0001,n=57),当耗水量达到400~600 mm时,玉米能够获得高产;玉米不同生育阶段需水量呈现抽雄~乳熟期拔节~抽雄期出苗~拔节期乳熟~成熟期播种~出苗期的变化规律,各阶段日耗水强度分别为5.75、4.78、2.36、1.84 mm·d~(-1)和1.35 mm·d~(-1)。在分析相对叶面积指数和相对作物系数关系的基础上,提出了作物水分胁迫系数的相对叶面积订正方法,建立了以Jenson模型为基础的玉米水分生产函数模型。     

温度对加州新小绥螨捕食比哈小爪螨功能反应的影响

为明确加州新小绥螨对橡胶重要害螨比哈小爪螨的控害潜能,系统研究 5 个不同温度 21、24、27、30、33 ℃ 条件下加州新小绥螨对比哈小爪螨各螨态的捕食作用。结果表明：不同温度条件下加州新小绥螨对比哈小爪螨各螨态 的功能反应均能很好的拟合 Holling-II 型圆盘方程。在 21~33 ℃时,加州新小绥螨对比哈小爪各螨态的瞬时攻击率（a） 和捕食效能（a/Th）随温度的升高而增加,处理时间（Th）则缩短;当 30 ℃时,加州新小绥螨对比哈小爪螨成螨、若 螨、幼螨和卵的瞬时攻击率最大,分别为 1.119 0、1.336 5、1.241 8、1.233 5,a/Th 最强,分别为 18.90、56.39、141.11、 31.38 头（粒）/d,处置时间（Th）最短,分别为 0.059 2、0.023 7、0.008 8、0.039 3;当温度高于 30 ℃时,a 和 a/Th 开始下降,Th 延长。     

不同密度行距对大豆新品种山宁17主要农艺性状及产量的影响

文章研究了山宁17的不同密度、行距对产量的影响。试验结果表明,不同行距、密度对山宁17产量有明显影响,产量由高至低的顺序为行距30cm40cm50cm;密度对产量的影响不规律,产量由高至低的顺序密度为:1.4万株/667m~21.6万株/667m~20.8万株/667m~21.2万株/667m~21.0万株/667m~2;大豆新品种山宁17在行距较小时应适当降低密度,行距较大时适当增加密度。     

Preparation of Porous <Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis>-aramid/cellulose Blend Membranes with High Moisture and Air Permeability by an Enzymatic Degradation Method

Enzyme degradation method was adopted to prepare porous m-aramid/cellulose blend membranes with high air permeability, water absorbency and moisture permeability. This facile preparation process started by casting a blend membrane from a DMAc/LiCl solution containing m-aramid and cellulose. An enzyme was then used to degrade the cellulose in the blend membrane, resulting in porous structures. Five enzymes including cellulase, chitosanase, papain, lipase, and glucose oxidase, were evaluated and cellulase was found to be optimal. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the miscibility and the morphology of the m-aramid/cellulose blend membranes before and after degradation, respectively. The thermal stability of the blend membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The properties including air permeability, water absorbency and moisture permeability of the m-aramid/cellulose blend membranes greatly improved after degradation as compared to those of the pure m-aramid. This paper provided a new approach to preparing novel textile materials with high comfortability.     

Meta-mordant Dyeing with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Camellia sinensis</Emphasis> (L.) O. Ktze var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">waldensae</Emphasis> (S.Y.Hu) Chang (Yellow-bud Tea) Extract for Wool Fabrics Treated by UV Radiation

The wool fabrics were treated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and then dyed with Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze var. waldensae (S.Y.Hu) Chang (yellow-bud tea) extract using meta-mordant dyeing method. The results indicated that the hydrophilicity of wool fabrics was improved after UV radiation treatment, which was conducive in improving color performance for the meta-mordant dyeing with yellow-bud tea extract of wool fabrics. The optimal dyeing process was that the powdered extract (5.0 % o.w.f) and the CuSO₄ (2.0 % o.w.f) were added to the dyeing liquor, the pH value was adjusted to 3.5-4.0 by HCOOH, the wool fabrics treated by UV radiation for 10 min and then were dyed at a bath ratio of 1:50 under 95 °C for 70 min. By means of three-factor quadratic current rotation revolving design (TQCRRD) method, the computation results of the mathematical equations and models indicated that UV radiation was the most important factor for meta-CuSO₄ dyeing with yellow-bud tea extract for wool fabrics.     

Synthesis and Structure Properties of Flame Retardant and Cationic Dyeable Polyamide 6 Modified with 5-sulfoisophthalic Acid Sodium and Melamine Cyanurate

Unmodified polyamide 6 commonly dyed with acid dyes, and has no flame-retarded properties. So they are flammable and can be easily stained by foods or drinks that contain acid dyes. However, the acid groups react with amino groups that existed at the end of PA6 chain while using cationic dyes. Thus, the acid dyes can be washed immediately. In this study, the flame retardant and cationic dyeable polyamide 6 (FRCD-PA6) modified with 5-sulfoisophthalic acid sodium (5-SSIPA) and melamine cyanurate (MCA) was successfully prepared by the two-step-melt polymerization method. Firstly, cationic dyeable polyamide 6 (CD-PA6) was prepared with sodium salt from 5-sulfoisphthalic acid. Secondly, melamine cyanurate, as an efficient flame retardant, was blended into the reaction. The chemical and crystalline structures of FRCDPA6 were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD). Their thermal properties were tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and morphology was analyzed by SEM, respectively. It had been measured to prove the dispersion of 5-SSIPA and MCA on polyamide 6 matrix. Incorporating with 5-SSIPA created more amorphous regions and rose up the dyeing rate easily, with a highest dyeing rate for about 96.79 %. The effect of varying MCA content on the composites showed more flame retardant and made better heat-resistance. Moreover, with the appropriate addition of MCA content, the limit oxygen index (LOI) reached up to 27, less smoking, no more black smoke, droplet phenomenon was slightly, and flame resistance had greatly improved. Because of the good synergy between 5-SSIPA and MCA, a kind of novel modified polyamide 6 which own both cationic dyeable and efficient flame retardant properties was born.