近红外光谱技术在天然草地牧草营养价值评价中的应用及展望

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)是近几十年迅速发展的测试分析技术,由于准确、高效、无损等检测优势,在牧草营养价值评价领域得到广泛应用,但是在天然草地牧草方面应用较少。快速、实时评价天然草地牧草营养价值,为研究天然草地营养供给和营养载畜量提供基础数据,对草地畜牧业生产具有重要意义。文章阐述了近红外光谱技术的基本原理和特点,介绍了直接法和间接法评价牧草营养价值,分别从常规营养成分、矿物元素、抗营养成分、营养物质消化率4个层次综述近红外光谱技术在2个方法中的应用,并做出展望,以期建立基于NIRS技术的天然草地牧草营养价值数据库,为天然草地的科学管理和合理利用发挥重要作用。     

Flavonoid content and radical scavenging activity in fruits of Chinese dwarf cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cerasus humilis</Emphasis>) genotypes

The Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis (Bge.) Sok.) is a small shrub with edible fruits. It is native to northern and western China. This species was included as a medicinal plant in the “Chinese Pharmacopeia” and has emerged as an economically important crop for fresh fruit consumption, processing into juice and wine and nutraceutical products as well. To gain a better understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis and help develop value added products and better cultivars with greater health benefits, we analyzed total flavonoid content (TFC), composition, and radical scavenging activities in fruit extracts of 16 Chinese dwarf cherry genotypes. Fruit peel TFC ranged from 33.5 to 72.8 mg/g RE·FW (RE: rutin equivalent, FW: fresh weight) while fruit flesh TFC ranged from 4.3 to 16.9 mg/g RE·FW. An HPLC analysis revealed that fruit extracts contained 14 flavonoids with considerable variation in their profiles across genotypes. The most abundant flavonoids in most genotypes were proanthocyanidin B1 (PA-B1), proanthocyanidin B2 (PA-B2), phloretin 2′-O-glucoside (PG), and phloretin 2′,4′-O-diglucoside (PDG). Principal component analysis showed that PG, PA-B1, and PA-B2 had large, positive factor loading values in the first principal component for each genotype. Increased scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was apparent in genotypes ‘Nongda 4’, ‘Nongda 3’, ‘Nongda 6’, ‘Wenfenli’, and ’10-32’, suggesting promising applications in the production of nutraceutical products. In summary, our results will aid in breeding, fruit processing, and developing medicinal uses of the Chinese dwarf cherry.     

新发动物疫病检测方法研究及口岸检疫应用展望

目前我国口岸已有的一些疫病检测方法,主要是针对进境动物检疫疫病名录中提及的已知病原,而针对新发病原的检测方法较少。本文介绍了传统病原的检测方法,包括病原分离和培养、血清学方法、蛋白质免疫印迹和电子显微镜观察等,阐述了新型分子生物学检测方法,如随机引物PCR法、序列非依赖性单引物扩增技术、小RNA深度测序技术、病毒宏基因组学技术等,并对上述方法在口岸中的应用前景进行了分析。     

Promoter identification and effect on activation of NF-κB of porcine ISG58

Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) 56 family (composed of ISG54, ISG56, ISG58, and ISG60) plays important roles in defense against viral infection in mammalian cells. Numerous studies have been conducted on ISG54, ISG56, and ISG60; however, little is known on ISG58. In the present study, the upstream sequence of porcine ISG58 gene was first characterized as functional promoter by luciferase reporter assay, and then two directly adjacent IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs), one at ?206 to ?194 (ISRE-I) and a second one, directly upstream of this element at ?219 to ?207?bp (ISRE-II), were identified using the bioinformatics method. The subsequent site-directed deletion and transient transfection experiments showed the candidate ISREs are functional. ISRE-I works better than ISRE-II and synergistic cooperation exists between two ISREs. Additionally, the effect of porcine ISG58 on activation of NF-κB was analyzed using the dual-luciferase reporter assay. The results will contribute to revealing the role of ISG58 in immune response.     

黄帚橐吾乙醇提取物对小鼠的急性毒性试验

黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)是一种在甘南草原上广泛分布的毒杂草,但同时其乙醇提取物有很强的生物农药活性,具备开发成为生物农药的潜力。本研究通过昆明小鼠(Mus musculus)的经皮、经口急性毒性试验对黄帚橐吾乙醇提取物的安全性进行评估。结果显示,黄帚橐吾乙醇提取物对小鼠的经皮急性毒性半致死剂量LD5030g·kg-1,经口急性毒性LD50为6.983 1g·kg-1,均符合低毒农药登记的毒性标准,可以按照低毒农药进行开发应用。     

云南省沧源县发展竹产业的优势及对策

云南省沧源县发展竹产业具有竹资源丰富、气候条件优越、交通便利和产业基础好等优势,文章提出了沧源发展竹产业的基本思路、重点领域以及具体措施,为该县竹产业实现跨越式发展提供借鉴。     

温室环境温度预测自适应机理模型参数在线识别方法

温室小气候模型具有非线性、强干扰、时变等特性,常用的线性化模型或离线辨识模型无法有效预测温室环境动态变化规律,模型精度不高直接影响温室环境控制性能。针对模型的这种复杂特性,该文以温度模型为例,提出利用连续-离散递推预测误差算法,对非线性模型参数和状态进行在线估计,以提高模型精度。首先,考虑加热和通风2种控制输入,建立了温室温度模型。然后,论述了该算法的原理和优势,算法通过引入并调整增益矩阵,对系统噪声进行在线更新,减少了系统噪声初始化偏差对参数估计收敛性的影响。最后,基于试验温室实测数据,对温室温度模型进行了在线辨识仿真,结果表明,利用连续-离散递推预测误差算法辨识模型拟合度为93.7%,扩展卡尔曼滤波器拟合度为89.5%,该文提出的算法在预测温室温度方面更为有效。     

Fate of Silver Nanoparticles in Constructed Wetlands—a Microcosm Study

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Elevated radium (Ra) concentrations have been observed in aquifers with high naturally occurring salinity. The flux of radon (Rn) gas from the decay of Ra out of...     

基于计算机视觉的稻谷霉变程度检测

为了实现无损检测稻谷储藏中的霉变,该研究以引起稻谷霉变的5种常见真菌(米曲霉、黑曲霉、构巢曲霉、桔青霉和杂色曲霉)为对象,首先进行真菌培养,制成悬浮液,然后将悬浮液接种到稻谷样品中,对稻谷样品模拟储藏,确定不同霉变程度的稻谷类型,划分为对照组(无霉变)、轻微霉变组和严重霉变组。利用计算机视觉系统对三组稻谷样品进行图像采集和图像处理,提取灰度、颜色和纹理特征,共获取68个图像特征。采用支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)和偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)构建模型,分别用于无霉变稻谷与霉变稻谷的区分和稻谷霉变类型区分。为了降低模型复杂度和数据冗余,利用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)来消除原始数据变量间的共线性,优选特征值。结果表明:利用所有参数构建的SVM模型能够很好的区分对照组与霉变组,其中建模集和验证集总体区分准确率分别为99.7%和98.4%;SVM模型对于稻谷严重霉变类型的区分效果要优于轻微霉变稻谷,其中对稻谷轻微霉变类型建模集和验证集总体区分的准确率分别为99.3%和92.0%,对稻谷严重霉变类型区分的总体准确率分别为100%和94%,且整体上SVM模型的效果要优于PLS-DA模型。而基于SPA优选特征构建的模型区分结果表明,SVM模型区分效果优于PLS-DA模型,其中,在建模集和验证集中,对无霉变和霉变稻谷总体区分准确率分别为99.8%和99.5%,对稻谷轻微霉变种类区分总体准确率分别为99.8%和90.5%,对稻谷严重霉变种类区分总体准确率分别为100%和95.0%。因此,基于计算机视觉对稻谷霉变检测是可行的,而且SPA优选特征能够较好反映稻谷霉变特征,基于优选特征和SVM模型能够较好地稻谷霉变进行识别和区分,结果较好,可以为实际应用提供技术支持和参考。     

盐胁迫下构树DREB转录因子基因表达的实时荧光定量PCR分析

转录因子是指那些专一性地结合于DNA特定序列上、能激活或抑制其他基因转录的蛋白质(王少峡等,2004)。DREB(dehydration responsive element binding protein)转录因子是一种特异性的转录因子,当植物在干旱、低温及盐等逆境胁迫下,DREB转录