Fucose-Rich Sulfated Polysaccharides from Two Vietnamese Sea Cucumbers Bohadschia argus and Holothuria (Theelothuria) spinifera: Structures and Anticoagulant Activity

Fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FCSs) FCS-BA and FCS-HS, as well as fucan sulfates (FSs) FS-BA-AT and FS-HS-AT were isolated from the sea cucumbers Bohadschia argus and Holothuria (Theelothuria) spinifera, respectively. Purification of the polysaccharides was carried out by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel column. Structural characterization of polysaccharides was performed in terms of monosaccharide and sulfate content, as well as using a series of non-destructive NMR spectroscopic methods. Both FCSs were shown to contain a chondroitin core [→3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→4)-β-d-GlcA-(1→]_n bearing sulfated fucosyl branches at O-3 of every GlcA residue in the chain. These fucosyl residues were different in pattern of sulfation: FCS-BA contained Fuc2S4S, Fuc3S4S and Fuc4S at a ratio of 1:8:2, while FCS-HS contained these residues at a ratio of 2:2:1. Polysaccharides differed also in content of GalNAc4S6S and GalNAc4S units, the ratios being 14:1 for FCS-BA and 4:1 for FCS-HS. Both FCSs demonstrated significant anticoagulant activity in clotting time assay and potentiated inhibition of thrombin, but not of factor Xa. FS-BA-AT was shown to be a regular linear polymer of 4-linked α-L-fucopyranose 3-sulfate, the structure being confirmed by NMR spectra of desulfated polysaccharide. In spite of considerable sulfate content, FS-BA-AT was practically devoid of anticoagulant activity. FS-HS-AT cannot be purified completely from contamination of some FCS. Its structure was tentatively represented as a mixture of chains identical with FS-BA-AT and other chains built up of randomly sulfated alternating 4- and 3-linked α-L-fucopyranose residues.     

精细农业技术在农业生产上的应用

精细农业可以被定义为一个综合系统,该系统通过应用作物信息、先进的技术以及有效的管理方法等手段使农业生产达到最优化.作为一个真正的综合系统,应该在起始阶段制定好生产、流通以及采后处理阶段的有效策略.其中信息、技术、管理是该生产系统中最为关键的3大因素.……     

OsGF14b modulates defense signaling pathways in rice panicle blast response

Rice with panicle-blast resistance is needed for stable rice production. Although we have previously demonstrated that OsGF14b underlies a quantitative trait lo...     

Utilization of Sake lees as Broiler Feedstuff and its Effects on Growth Performance and Intestinal Immunity

Increasing food loss and waste (FLW) is a global problem, and efforts are being made to use waste food as potential livestock feed material. The amount of self-supplied feed is lower in Japan than in other countries, and the government recommends FLW use for animal feed. Sake (Japanese rice wine) is a traditional alcoholic beverage. During the sake manufacturing process, large amounts of squeezed solids or “lees” (sake lees) are generated. Sake lees are nutritious and functional, but are prone to spoilage. In this study, we investigated whether sake lees should be mixed with animal feed immediately or after drying. To assess the usefulness of sake lees as a poultry feed ingredient and determine the effect of sake lees on intestinal immunity, we performed a feeding trial with three treatments: a raw sake lees (RSL) diet, dried sake lees (DSL) diet, and control diet. Three-week-old broilers were fed these diets (n=8 per group) for two weeks. We then calculated feed efficiency and performed RT-qPCR to assess the effects of diet on intestinal immunity. The growth performance in the RSL diet group was equivalent to that in the control diet group. The DSL diet became difficult for broilers to eat, resulting in decreased growth performance. In the ileum of RSL-diet broilers, the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1 and avian β-defensin (AvBD)12 were significantly increased compared to those of control diet broilers (p<0.05), and a significant correlation was observed between the two genes (p<0.05). Our results indicated that sake lees should not be dried and should be mixed immediately with feed, and this sake lees when fed to chicken activates the intestinal immunity. However, sake lees have a lower fat content than corn, and it is thus important to combine sake lees with high-energy feed.     

远离浮躁沉淀中前行

曾经如“雨后春笋”般出现的本土地板企业,为产业带来财富的同时．也带来了浮躁的氖围。然而,面对接踵而至的原材料紧缺、退税削减、专利诉讼、趋同竞争等因素,尤其是近一年来海外经济的低迷状态,企业在用自己的思考与行动寻求着改变。他们逐渐远离浮躁,并将多年积累的经验沉淀成为一种求实、务实、扎实的企业内在品质。我的这一想法在广州之行中再次得到了印证。     

植酸酶对不同类型的断乳仔猪日粮粗蛋白、氨基酸和能量的消化率的影响

通过对4个安装了简易T型瘘管的断奶仔猪研究表明,添加植酸酶并没有提高玉米-豆粕型日粮(试验组1)、小麦-豆粕型日粮(试验组2)和大麦-豌豆-菜籽粕型日粮(试验组4)粗蛋白和氨基酸的回肠表观消化率(AID),而使小麦-豆粕-菜粕型日粮的粗蛋白和氨基酸回肠表观消化率或粗蛋白和消化能的总消化道表观消化率(ATTD)得到了显著的提高(P<0.05)或呈提高的势态(P<0.10)。这些结果表明,氨基酸对细菌性植酸酶的反应因子取决于日粮的组成。     

甜椒雄性不育系一代杂种碧玉椒的选育

碧玉椒是利用胞质雄性不育（ＣＭＳ）三系配套技术选育而成的中早熟辣椒一代杂种,分枝多,连续坐果能力强,果实长灯笼形,果色深绿有光泽,微辣。抗ＴＭＶ、中抗ＣＭＶ,抗疫病,产量３０００～３５００ｋｇ／６６７ｍ２,适宜春季露地地膜覆盖栽培或大小棚早熟栽培。     

Influence des conditions de conservation sur l’evolution des substances auxiniques des tubercules de pomme de terre

Résumé En utilisant un test d’allongement des coléoptiles d’avoine, nous avons étudié l’évolution quantitative des divers composés auxiniques des tubercules de pomme de terre à mesure que leur conservation se poursuivait dans différentes conditions (15 C; 4 C; 4 C puis 15 C; traitement par l’isopropylphényl-carbamate). Les résultats montrent que, méme en période de repos végétatif, les tubercules sont le siège de transformations et de synthèses auxiniques importantes. La conservation au froid freine la formation des acides indole-acétique et indole-butyrique mais n’empêche pas celle de l’indole-acétonitrile qui s’accumule. L’isopropyl-phényl-carbamate ralentit toutes les synthèses auxiniques.

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Summary Tubers of the varietySirtema were stored under different conditions from 4.X.63 until 17.1.64: one lot at 15 C; another at 4 C; a third, after a period at 4 C was placed at 15 C; while the fourth was treated from the start with isopropylphenylcarbamate (I.P.P.C). Every 15 days the auxin content of the cortex of tubers from each of these lots was determined by standard methods: ether extraction, chromatographic isolation and bioassay by means of an elongation test on lengths of oat coleoptile. Besides two inhibitory substances, of which the Rf values are given, the following were identified in the extracts: indoleacetic acid (A.I.A.), indolebutyric acid (A.I.B.), indolepyruvic acid (A.I.Py.) indoleacetaldehyde (I.A.Ald.), and indoleacetonitrile (I.A.N.). In the lot stored throughout at 15 C (Fig. 1), the concentrations of A.I.A. and A.I.B. increased progressively. The concentrations of the 3 indole derivatives A.I.Py., I.A.Ald, and I.A.N. varied inversely with that of A.I.A.; they can, therefore, be regarded as precursors of this acid, as is generally accepted. Storage at a consistently low temperature (4 C) inhibited the precursor — auxin reaction and there was both a large, continuous accumulation of nitrile and a relatively slow increase in I.A.Ald (Fig. 2). On the other hand, the amounts of A.I.A. and A.I.B. remained nearly constant, showing, in comparison with the previous treatment, only a slight increase at the end of the experiment. Immediately following the period of storage at 4 C (Fig. 3: from 29.XI.) the synthesis of A.I.A. and A.I.B. began and concomitantly the large amounts of I.A.N. and I.A.Ald. disappeared. Treatment with isopropylphenylcarbamate (Fig. 4) interfered with auxin metabolism: all synthesis was slowed, including that of I.A.N. which did not accumulate as in low-temperature storage. These results show that, at the time of sprouting, the tuber does not merely utilise the growth substances which it accumulated during the preceding period of vegetative growth but that it can also synthetise them, in the absence of the haulm, during the vegetative resting period.

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Zusammenfassung Knollen der SorteSirtema wurden vom 4.X.63 bis 17.I.64 unter verschiedenen Bedingungen eingelagert: eine Partie bei 15 C; eine andere bei 4 C; die dritte wurde nach einem Aufenthalt bei 4 C wieder bei 15 C gelagert; die vierte endlich wurde zu Beginn mit Isopropyl-phenylcarbamat (IPPC) behandelt. Alle 14 Tage bestimmten wir bei jedem Muster die Auxine in der Knollenrinde mit den klassischen Methoden: Extraktion mittels Aether, Isolierung durch Chromatographie, biologische Prüfung der Verl?ngerung von Abschnitten von Hafer-Koleoptilen. Ausser zwei Hemmstoffen, von denen wir das Rf bestimmten, haben wir in den Extrakten identifiziert: Indol-Essigs?ure (A.I.A.), Indol-Butters?ure (A.I.B.), Indol-Brenztraubens?ure (A.I.Py.), Indol-Acetaldehyd (I.A.Ald.) und Indol-Acetonitril (I.A.N.). Im Posten, der dauernd bei 15 C (Abb. 1) gelagert wurde, stiegen die Konzentrationen von A.I.A. und A.I.B. fortw?hrend. Die 3 Indolderivate A.I.Py., I.A.Ald. und I.A.N. variieren mengenm?ssig im umgekehrten Verh?ltnis zur A.I.A.; sie k?nnen deshalb, wie es im allgemeinen üblich ist, als Vorstufe dieser S?ure betrachtet werden. Die Lagerung bei gleichm?ssig niedriger Temperatur (4 C) bewirkt eine Blockierung der Umwandlung von Vorstufen-Auxinen. Man stellte eine sehr starke, stetige Anh?ufung von Nitril (Abb. 2) fest, ebenso eine ziemlich sp?te Zunahme von I.A.Ald. Dagegen blieben die Mengen an A.I.A. und A.I.B. fast unver?nderlich und erfuhren, im Vergleich zu der bei 15 C gelagerten Partie, nur eine lechte Erh?hung am Schluss des Experimentes. Sobald die Lagerung bei 4 C aufh?rt (Abb. 3: vom 29.XI. an), beginnt wieder die Synthese von A.I.A. und A.I.B. dementsprechend aber verschwinden grosse Mengen von I.A.N. und I.A.Ald. Die Behandlung mit Isopropyl-phenyl-carbamat (Abb. 4) st?rt den Auxin-Stoffwechsel; alle Synthesen werden verlangsamt, eingeschlossen jene des I.A.N., das sich nicht wie w?hrend der Lagerung bei tiefen Temperaturen anh?uft. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Knolle zur Zeit der Keimung nicht einfach die Wuchsstoffe, die sie w?hrend der vorhergehenden Vegetationsperiode aufgespeichert hatte, ersetzt, sondern dass sie auch selbst, ohne Blattwerk, w?hrend der Phase der Vegetationsruhe solche produziert.

     

PLANT JUICES IN RELATION TO SILAGE FERMENTATION

The release of the plant-cell juices is a prerequisite for a lactic-acid fermentation in silage. Investigations with plant material at different moisture contents have indicated that above about 2 g water per g dry matter sufficient juice is released from properly ensiled material to permit the onset of fermentation; below this moisture content lactic-acid production is delayed, if not prevented.
When material of suitable moisture content is ensiled at a temperature of 25°C, the onset of fermentation is somewhat slower than at 40°C. However, within these limits, the temperature is not critical, provided that the silage is completely sealed to exclude air. The infiltration of even small amounts of fresh air delays the release of the juices and, especially at the lower temperatures, often results in an undesirable fermentation.
A number of miscellaneous treatments, designed to hasten the release of the juices, failed to show any advantages in small-scale tests.