关键环境因子对桃小食心虫出土羽化动态的影响

为明确有效积温、土壤含水量对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura出土羽化的影响,在室内控制土壤温、湿度的条件下测定了越冬代和第1代各生命阶段的有效积温,于2010—2015年在山西省临县枣园对越冬幼虫和成虫动态进行调查,并对田间土壤温度和含水量进行系统监测。结果表明:桃小食心虫室内越冬幼虫出土积温为258.2日度;而受5月份首次有效降雨日的影响,田间出土积温存在384.2~764.6日度的年度变化。土壤含水量对越冬幼虫出土模式及出土率有显著影响。持续干旱或土壤高湿均可导致双峰现象,土壤高湿的频繁出现还可显著降低幼虫出土率。通过6年田间监测数据的分析表明,越冬幼虫首现日与有效降雨日无显著相关性,而首现日有效积温(y)与降雨日有效积温(x)呈极显著正相关,回归方程为y=0.7758x+188.16(r=0.997,P0.001)。     

中国水稻害虫治理对策的演变及其展望

本文简要回顾了中国水稻害虫的变迁、相应的对策演变,从中了解、总结害虫发生与人类治虫对策之间的因果渊源,指出只有师法自然、通过生态工程实施生态治理技术才能持续双赢。     

茉莉酸处理菜豆对美洲斑潜蝇抗性的影响

为明确外源茉莉酸(JA)处理菜豆对美洲斑潜蝇抗性的诱导作用,采用生物测定和生化分析方法,研究了4种浓度JA喷施菜豆幼苗后,菜豆对美洲斑潜蝇的抗性及菜豆叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性的变化.结果表明,JA处理可以提高菜豆对美洲斑潜蝇的抗性及菜豆叶片3种防御酶的活性,且其抗性和防御酶活性提高程度均与JA浓度有关.0.1、1 mmol/L JA可显著降低美洲斑潜蝇成虫对菜豆的取食和产卵选择性,使卵或幼虫发育历期延长、幼虫取食量降低、蛹重减轻,而0.001和0.01 mmol/L JA仅对幼虫发育历期有显著影响.0.1 mmol/L JA处理后,菜豆叶片POD、PPO和LOX活性均显著升高,分别较对照增加33％、39％和80％,而0.001 mmol/L JA对菜豆叶片防御酶诱导作用不明显.     

DON毒素在小麦赤霉病抗感品种麦穗组织中的积累分析

本研究采用单小花滴注和喷雾接种方法对3个抗病品种(‘望水白’、‘苏麦3号’、‘扬麦16’)和3个感病品种(‘周麦18’、‘矮抗58’、‘豫保1号’)的赤霉病抗性进行分析,并用ELISA测定了籽粒、颖壳和穗轴中的DON毒素水平。结果表明:两种方法接种后第20天,除‘望水白’外,抗病品种的病级日扩展速率和病小穗率都显著低于感病品种(P0.05);单小花滴注接种条件下,除‘周麦18’的籽粒和‘矮抗58’的穗轴外,抗病品种的籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量显著低于感病品种的籽粒、颖壳、穗轴中的DON毒素含量(P0.05);而喷雾接种条件下,抗病品种与感病品种的籽粒、颖壳中的DON毒素含量差异不显著,而穗轴中的DON毒素含量差异显著(P0.05)。除个别情况外,6个品种中,籽粒中DON毒素水平颖壳中DON毒素水平穗轴中DON毒素水平(P0.05)。     

不同温度下东方粘虫年龄-阶段两性实验种群生命表的构建

为明确不同温度对东方粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)种群动态的影响,建立东方粘虫种群动态模型,利用年龄-阶段两性种群生命表得到了室内不同温度下东方粘虫种群的发育历期、存活率、繁殖力和种群生命表参数,并基于种群生命表参数预测了2个月内东方粘虫的种群动态。结果表明,东方粘虫各虫态的发育历期和产卵前期随温度的升高而显著缩短。24℃下,东方粘虫单雌平均产卵量为717.1粒,显著高于其它温度下;成虫寿命也显著高于其它温度下,且雄蛾寿命显著长于雌蛾,分别为15.3 d和13.0 d;卵孵化存活到成虫的概率、幼虫存活率和化蛹率均最高,分别为66.7%、68.9%和96.8%。内禀增长率随温度的升高而显著增加,平均世代周期则显著降低,18、21、24、27、30℃下分别为0.051、0.077、0.113、0.121、0.156 d-1和77.2、61.3、49.0、40.3、31.5 d;周限增长率也随温度的升高而增加,分别为1.05、1.08、1.12、1.13、1.17 d-1;净增殖率在24℃下为257.1,显著高于其它温度下,其它温度条件下无显著差异。表明东方粘虫在18~30℃范围内都能完成生长发育和生殖,24℃下种群存活率高、繁殖力大、世代周期较短,更适合种群增长。     

燕麦坚黑穗病抗性鉴定两种接种方法比较及种质抗性评价

为明确燕麦坚黑穗病的发病条件与接种技术,采用菌土覆盖和菌粉混种后的分期播种法分析其适宜发病因子与接种方法,并评价162个品种的抗病性。出苗10 d以上,大气温度15℃和5 cm土层温度18℃以下时适宜发病。两种接种方式下96个皮燕麦和21个裸燕麦的抗病性一致,28个皮燕麦和17个裸燕麦菌粉拌种的抗病性低于菌土覆盖。研究表明,适期早播是确保发病和提高鉴定准确性的有效途径,适期晚播是预防发病的有效途径,且稃壳有阻隔病菌侵染作用,免疫与抗病种质是品种选育的重要抗源。     

玉米抗粗缩病遗传及分子标记研究

Maize rough dwarf disease caused by Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is transmitted by planthopper in China. Identification and development of resistant hybrids are complicated because of the inconsistencies in viral disease pressure every year. Marker-assisted selection can provide means for main-taining virus resistance alleles even in the absence of disease. In this paper a F₂ segregation population was constructed to identity the molecular markers linked to the resistance gene using a cross between a resistant and a susceptible parents (Qi319×Ye107). Fifteen-day-old seedlings of F₂ population were exposed to small brown planthoppers carrying RBSDV for 3 days in specific inoculation chamber. The inoculated plants were transplanted to screenhouse after removing the insects completely. In plant maturity stage the disease resistance of all the individuals were visually assessed. The results showed that 17, 8, 11, 51 and 122 plants were scaled from 0-4 respectively, in which 0 means no symptoms and 4 represents highly susceptible. Chi-square test demonstrated that the segregation ratio of phenotype was 1∶15 (resistant: susceptible) or 1∶6∶9 (resistant∶moderate∶susceptible) in the F₂ population, indicating RBSDV resistance of maize was controlled by two recessive genes. The F₂ individuals DNA were extracted and 261 SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers derived from maize genome ten chromosomes were selected from maize GDB database to construct genetic linkage map. The linkage map consisted of 71 polymorphic SSR markers, spanning a genetic distance of 996.6 cM with an average interval of 14.0 cM between adjacent markers. The resistant and susceptible gene pools were set up for BSA (bulked segregant analysis) and 6 polymorphism markers were obtained with BSA-SSR method between the two pools. The F₂individuals were further analyzed with 6 polymorphism markers. Chi-square test showed that phi 051, umc1407 and umc1432, mapped on chromosome 7 and 10, exhibited segregation distortion significantly and very significantly in susceptible individuals. These three SSR markers were identified as potential markers linked to the resistant loci.     

精异丙甲草胺对小麦药害及其安全剂解毒作用初步研究

为了探索精异丙甲草胺在小麦田的应用技术,室内研究了精异丙甲草胺对小麦的安全性,对安全剂进行筛选,并对安全剂作用机制进行初步研究。结果表明,精异丙甲草胺对小麦的生长抑制作用随着土壤含水量增大及温度的下降而上升。对4种安全剂进行筛选,结果表明,解草酮0.5、5g/kg种子处理能够显著降低精异丙甲草胺对小麦的药害,解草啶、二氯丙烯胺、苯叉酰胺在低剂量下能够一定程度缓解精异丙甲草胺药害,但高剂量无缓解作用。进一步研究表明,解草酮0.5~4g/kg种子处理能够有效降低精异丙甲草胺150~600g/hm2(有效成分含量)造成的小麦药害,缓解率均在20%以上,其中1g/kg解草酮种子处理缓解效果最好,提高小麦对精异丙甲草胺的耐药性可达4倍以上。生理指标测定结果表明,解草酮1g/kg种子处理可显著提高小麦出苗期(播后4~6d)GSTs比活力,而GSH含量与对照相当或降低。表明解草酮可能通过提高小麦GSTs活力来增强GSH对精异丙甲草胺的轭合代谢作用,而非通过增加GSH含量来提升精异丙甲草胺降解。     

江西瑞昌山药炭疽病菌的形态及分子鉴定

为了明确江西瑞昌山药炭疽病病原菌种类归属,本文从当地采集呈典型症状的炭疽病叶片进行了病原菌分离鉴定.通过组织分离获得8个在培养性状和分生孢子形态大小均一致且均具有致病性的分离株,8个分离株在PDA平板上菌落初为白色,后变为灰色至深灰色,菌落中央产生橘红色黏质分生孢子团.分生孢子无色,长椭圆形至纺锤形,单胞,大小为(15.6~18.0)μm×(3.6~6.0)μm.对其中之一的分离株YRRC-1进行rDNA-ITS区段扩增和序列测定,获得长度为536 bp的rDNA-ITS序列,该序列与胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的对应序列同源性达100%.根据分离病菌的培养特征、形态大小和序列鉴定结果,认为瑞昌山药炭疽病菌属于胶孢炭疽菌(C. gloeosporioides).