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111.
H Houe S ?stergaard T Thilsing-Hansen R J J?rgensen T Larsen J T S?rensen J F Agger J Y Blom 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2001,42(1):1-29
The present review analyses the documentation on incidence, diagnosis, risk factors and effects of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcaemia. It is hereby evaluated whether the existing documentation seems sufficient for further modelling in a decision support system for selection of a control strategy. Several studies have been carried out revealing an incidence of milk fever most often in the level of 5-10%. Few studies indicate that the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia is several times higher than milk fever. The diagnosis based on clinical or laboratory methods or based on presence of risk factors is outlined. The clinical symptoms of milk fever are highly specific and the disease level may thus be determined from recording of treatments. Diagnosis of subclinical hypocalcaemia needs to include laboratory examinations or it may be determined by multiplying the incidence of milk fever by a certain factor. From the documentation on risk factors, it is very complex to predict the incidence from the exposure level of the risk factors. Due to uncertainty, sensitivity analyses over a wide range of values for each parameter are needed. The documentation of cow characteristics, nutrition, environment and management as risk factors are described. Among cow characteristics, parity or age, body condition and production level were found to be important. Risk factors associated with nutrition included most importantly dietary cation-anion difference and calcium level whereas the importance of general feeding related factors like type of feed stuff and feeding level were less clear. Environment and management included season, climate, housing, pasturing, exercise, length of dry period and prepartum milking. Several of the parameters on environment and management were confounded among each other and therefore firm conclusions on the importance were difficult. The documentation of the effect of milk fever includes the downer cows, reproductive disorders, occurrence of other diseases and the effect on milk production, body weight and culling. The reproductive disorders included most importantly dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, metritis and repeat breeding, and occurrence of other diseases included ketosis, displaced abomasum and mastitis. The documentation was substantial and often quantifiable within certain limits. Overall it is concluded that the present documentation on milk fever concerning incidence, diagnosis, risk factors and effects seems sufficient for a systematic inclusion in a decision support system. A model on milk fever should take into consideration the variation in biological data and individual herd characteristics. The inclusion of subclinical hypocalcaemia would be more uncertain and probably should await further documentation on possibilities of determining the herd level incidence and also the effect of this condition on production. 相似文献
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本文以MapInfo7.5作为GIS的平台软件,将MapInfo用于基准地价评估成果图的信息管理,利用创建、修改或更新的相关表格,建立相应的专题地图,使成果图中的信息更加直观明了。实践证明,MapInfo为基准地价评估成果图的及时更新、科学管理、有效利用提供了可靠的途经。 相似文献
115.
南非糖业的生产成本较低,原糖质量高,该国普遍采用渗出法提汁和连续结晶罐,改进清净工艺和煮糖制度生产高纯度原糖。文中并介绍蒸汽喷射抽真空、内置冷凝器、高纯度原糖工艺、精炼粉糖、渗出法提汁和气垫胶带运输机等技术革新项目。 相似文献
116.
Significant efforts should be devoted to reducing waste outputs from aquaculture operations in order to lower the environmental impacts of aquaculture in many parts of the world. Since most aquaculture wastes are ultimately from dietary origin, reduction of waste outputs should first be through improvements of diet formulation and feeding strategies. The first step in the production of feeds producing less solid waste is to eliminate poorly digestible ingredients (such as whole grain or grain by-products used as binders and fillers in the feed formulae) and to use highly digestible ingredients with good binding properties. Further reduction of solid waste can then be achieved through careful selection of the ingredients to improve apparent digestibility and the nutrient balance of the feed. Nitrogen waste outputs can be reduced through the reduction of the digestible protein to digestible energy (DP/DE) ratio of the diet. Phosphorus waste outputs can be reduced through careful selection of the ingredients and optimization of the digestible phosphorus content of the diet to meet the requirement of the fish but avoid greatly exceeding this required level. Finally, feeding practices that minimize feed wastage should be adopted since feed wastage can have a very significant impact on waste outputs from fish culture operations. 相似文献
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美国青蛙 ,简称美蛙 ,隶属两栖纲、无尾目、蛙科。美蛙 1~ 37℃均可生长 ,最适生长温度 18~32℃ ,当水温降到 7℃以下时 ,生长缓慢 ,0℃以下钻入洞穴冬眠 ,第 2年春季气温回升到 10℃以上时 ,才开始活动觅食。一般美蛙在长江流域以北 ,尤其是淮北地区每年有 3~ 4个月的冬眠期 ,从而影响其生长。根据美蛙的生活习性 ,结合蔬菜大棚冬季温度较高的特点 ,我们在大棚内进行了美蛙早繁试验。 1998年 10月 2 0日 ,气温降至 18℃左右 ,我们把亲蛙放入蔬菜大棚内 ,利用大棚保温和井水增温的方法 ,打破了美蛙的冬眠期 ,使美蛙提早 1个月繁殖 ,获得… 相似文献
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K Uchio-Yamada N Manabe M Yamaguchi N Akashi Y Goto Y Yamamoto A Ogura H Miyamoto 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2001,63(11):1171-1178
Fibrotic degeneration was examined in the kidneys of ICR-derived glomerulonephritis (ICGN) mice, a novel inbred mouse line with a hereditary nephrotic syndrome of unknown etiology considered to be a good model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In the present study, we histochemically revealed changes in accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and in localization of integrins, cellular receptors for ECM, in the kidneys of ICGN mice with the progression of renal failure. Excessive accumulation of basement membrane (laminin and collagen IV) and interstitial (type III collagen) ECM components were demonstrated in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitum of ICGN mice. Marked deposition of type I collagen and tenascin was seen only in the glomeruli of ICGN mice but not in those of ICR mice as normal controls. Increased expression of integrin alpha1-, alpha2-, alpha5- and beta1-subunits in glomeruli with fibrotic degeneration and abnormal distribution of alpha6-subunit were noted in the kidneys of ICGN mice. Excessive laminin, a ligand of alpha6beta1-integrin, was demonstrated on the tubular basement membrane, but alpha6-subunit diffusely disappeared on the basal side of the tubular epithelial cells. We presumed that abnormal integrin expression in renal tubules causes epithelial cell detachment, and consequently tubular nephropathy, and results in disorder of ECM metabolism causing excessive accumulation of ECM components in the kidneys of ICGN mice. 相似文献