Sulfadiazine pharmacokinetics in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) receiving oral and intravenous administrations

This study aimed to examine the bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) after oral and intravenous administrations. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points of 0.083, 0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr (n = 6). The samples were extracted and purified by organic reagents and determined by the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography. The software named 3P97 was used to calculate relevant PK parameters. The results demonstrated that the concentration–time profile of SDZ was best described by a one‐compartmental open model with first‐order absorption after a single oral dose. The main PK parameters of the absorption rate constant (K_α), the absorption half‐life (t_{1/2 Kα}), the elimination rate constant (K_e), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2Ke), and the area under concentration–time profile (AUC_0‐∞) were 0.3 1/h, 2.29 hr, 0.039 1/h, 17.64 hr, and 855.78 mg.h/L, respectively. Following intravenous administration, the concentration–time curve fitted to a two‐compartmental open model without absorption. The primary PK parameters of the distribution rate constant (α), the elimination rate constant (β), the distribution half‐life (t_1/2α), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2β), the apparent distribution volume (V_SS), the total clearance (CL), and AUC_0‐∞ were 9.62 1/hr, 0.039 1/hr, 0.072 hr, 17.71 hr, 0.33 L/kg, 0.013 L h^?1 kg^?1, and 386.23 mg.h/L, respectively. Finally, the BA was calculated to be 22.16%. Overall, this study will provide some fundamental information on PK properties in the development of a new formulation SDZ in the future and is partially beneficial for the appropriate usage of SDZ in aquaculture.     

microRNA-146a通过靶向MAPK4和Myosin Va基因调控羊驼黑色素细胞增殖、迁移

旨在研究microRNA-146a(miR-146a)对羊驼黑色素细胞增殖和迁移的调控及其分子机制。本研究使用双荧光素酶试验验证MAPK4和Myosin Va是miR-146a的靶基因;利用荧光定量PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹试验检测在羊驼黑色素细胞中过表达miR-146a对相关下游基因表达的影响;利用CCK8和Transwell检测miR-146a过表达对羊驼黑色素细胞增殖和迁移的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,将miR-146a和MAPK4或Myosin Va共转染293T细胞,双荧光素酶活性分别极显著下降36%和30%(P<0.001);MAPK4和Myosin Va基因转录水平分别极显著下调67%和47%(P<0.001,P<0.01);蛋白质水平的表达量分别显著或极显著下调38%和69%(P<0.05,P<0.01);增殖和迁移相关的基因CREB、MITF、MLPH和Rab27a在转录水平和蛋白水平的表达均极显著下调(P<0.01,P<0.001);CCK8和Transwell结果显示,过表达miR-146a使羊驼黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移能力极显著下调(P<0.01)。综上所述,miR-146a通过靶向调控MAPK4和Myosin Va,使增殖和迁移相关的基因MEK1、CREB、MITF、MLPH和Rab27a的表达下调,从而对羊驼黑色素细胞的增殖和迁移起抑制作用。     

5-Aza-dC对牛成肌细胞MyoD1启动子甲基化及mRNA表达的影响

旨在探究5-氮杂-2-脱氧胞苷（5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine,5-Aza-dC）对牛成肌细胞的增殖和肌分化因子（myogenic differentiation 1,MyoD1）启动子甲基化以及mRNA表达的影响。本研究复苏了前期冻存的关岭牛成肌细胞,并进行培养,待其生长到对数生长期,再通过不同浓度的5-Aza-dC对牛成肌细胞进行处理,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和周期;结合高通量检测方法检测MyoD1启动子甲基化水平,并利用qRT-PCR检测MyoD1及相关基因的表达水平。研究发现,0.1 μmol·L^-15-Aza-dC为最适浓度,该浓度下细胞抗凋亡因子Bcl的表达极显著降低（P<0.01）,促凋亡因子Bax的表达极显著提高（P<0.01）,促凋亡因子Caspase-9的表达显著提高（P<0.05）;周期因子Cyclin A2的表达显著提高（P<0.05）,而细胞因子Cyclin B1、Cyclin D的表达无显著变化;检测空白组和试验组MyoD1启动子甲基化水平发现,试验组甲基化水平极显著低于空白组（P<0.01）;而mRNA的表达水平极显著高于空白组（P<0.01）。5-Aza-dC能够通过改变Caspase-9、Bcl、Bax、Cyclin A2等基因的表达来调节关岭牛成肌细胞的增殖和凋亡,并能够有效降低MyoD1基因启动子的甲基化水平（P<0.01）;极显著提高其mRNA的表达量（P<0.01）。低浓度的5-Aza-dC能通过促进细胞凋亡及调控关岭牛MyoD1的甲基化水平来调控MyoD1的表达;同时推测,MyoD1基因启动子的甲基化水平能够影响关岭牛成肌细胞的生长发育,可为遗传标记辅助关岭牛的改良提供理论参考。     

参考群筛选方法及规模对基因型填充准确性的影响

为探究基于A矩阵期望遗传关系最大化（maximizing the expected genetic relationship for matrix A,RELA）、基于A矩阵目标群体遗传方差最小化（minimized the target population genetic variance for matrix A,MCA）、平均亲缘关系最大化（the highest mean kinship coefficients,KIN）、随机选择（random selection,RAN）、共同祖先筛选（common ancestor,CA）等不同参考群筛选方法及参考群规模对基因型填充准确性的影响。本研究使用矮小型黄羽肉鸡作为试验群体,采用鸡600K SNP芯片（Affymetrix Axion HD genotyping array）进行基因分型,测定435羽子代公鸡45、56、70、84、91日龄体重。利用Beagle软件将低密度SNP芯片填充为高密度SNP芯片数据,比较不同参考群筛选方法、参考群规模对基因型填充准确性的影响,以及填充芯片基因组预测准确性。结果表明,使用Beagle 4.0结合系谱信息进行填充效果最佳,其次为Beagle 4.0,而Beagle 5.1填充效果最差。使用MCA方法筛选参考群进行基因型填充准确性最高,使用RAN方法筛选参考群进行基因型填充准确性最低,MCA、RELA、CA 3种方法基因型填充准确性差别较小。相比其他方法,使用MCA方法筛选个体作为参考群将低密度SNP芯片填充至高密度SNP芯片进行基因组选择的预测准确性较高,与真实高密度SNP芯片的基因组预测准确性相差甚微。随着参考群规模增大,基因型填充准确性也随之增加,但增速逐渐下降,最后趋于平缓。综上所述,可以通过参考群筛选方法构建参考群以及控制参考群规模,以保证基因型填充和基因组预测准确性并节省成本,本研究为基因型填充在畜禽遗传育种中的应用提供技术参考。     

AR regulates porcine immature Sertoli cell growth via binding to RNF4 and miR-124a

Sertoli cells are the only somatic cells in the seminiferous epithelium which directly contact with germ cells. Sertoli cells exhibit polarized alignment at the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules to maintain the microenvironment for growth and development of germ cells, and therefore play a crucial role in spermatogenesis. Androgens exert their action through androgen receptor (AR) and AR signalling in the testis is essential for maintenance of spermatogonial numbers, blood–testis barrier integrity, completion of meiosis, adhesion of spermatids and spermiation. In the present study, we demonstrated that AR gene could promote the proliferation of immature porcine Sertoli cells (ST cells) and the cell cycle procession, and accelerate the transition from G1 phase into S phase in ST cells. Meanwhile, miR-124a could affect the proliferation and cell cycle procession of ST cells by targeting 3′-UTR of AR gene. Furthermore, AR bound to the RNF4 via AR DNA-binding domain (DBD) and we verified that RNF4 was necessary for AR to regulate the growth of ST cells. Above all, this study suggests that AR regulates ST cell growth via binding to RNF4 and miR-124a, which may help us to further understand the function of AR in spermatogenesis.     

Effects of dietary Bacillus coagulans and yeast hydrolysate supplementation on growth performance,immune response and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets

The present study investigated the effects of Bacillus coagulans and yeast hydrolysate supplementation on growth performance, immune response and intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets. Twenty-four weaned piglets with an average body weight (BW) of 6.89 ± 0.15 kg were divided into four diets for 28 days. The treatments were basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with antibiotic (20 mg/kg colistin sulphate and 40 mg/kg bacitracin zinc, AT), probiotics (400 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans ≥5 × 109 CFU/g, BC) or yeast hydrolysate (5000 mg/kg yeast hydrolysate, YH). Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were improved by AT and YH diets (p < 0.05), while BC diet only increased ADG (p < 0.05). The complement 3 (C3), lysozyme (LZM) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in serum were increased in BC diet (p < 0.05). Feeding AT and YH caused the increase of jejunal villus height (p < 0.05), and a higher ratio of villus height/crypt depth was observed in AT, BC and YH groups (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in jejunal mucosa was up-regulated by AT, BC and YH diets (p < 0.05). Dietary AT, BC or YH inclusion decreased the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentration and TNF-α mRNA expression (p < 0.05), and YH supplementation even down-regulated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 expressions (p < 0.05). In summary, the dietary administration of BC or YH both improves growth performance through promoting the intestinal barrier function, indicating both of them can serve as potential alternatives to antibiotics growth promoters for the piglet production.     

口蹄疫病毒A型竞争ELISA抗体检测试剂盒在流行病学调查中的应用

为评价口蹄疫病毒A型竞争ELISA(cELISA)抗体检测试剂盒在流行病学调查中的应用前景,对2017年从福建省三明市采集的336份黄牛、奶牛、羊和猪血清样品,用A型cELISA抗体检测试剂盒进行抗体检测。结果显示,92份黄牛血清、92份羊血清、92份猪血清、60份奶牛血清的A型抗体阳性率分别为13.04%、11.96%、20.65%、86.67%。从上述4种血清中,各挑选10份血清(阴性、阳性各5份)共40份,采用口蹄疫病毒液相阻断ELISA(LPB-ELISA)抗体检测试剂盒进行验证。结果显示:cELISA检测为阳性的20份血清中,用LPB-ELISA检出阳性19份;cELISA检测为阴性的20份血清中,用LPB-ELISA检出阴性17份;两种方法的κ值为0.8,总符合率为90.00%。结果表明,A型cELISA试剂盒与LPB-ELISA试剂盒的符合率和一致性均较高,可用于口蹄疫流行病学调查和血清学监测。     

新疆伊宁县一起天鹅H5N6亚型流感疫情的紧急流行病学调查

2019年12月31日,新疆伊宁县报告出现天鹅异常死亡情况。经观察临床症状、剖检病理变化,结合地州级、自治区级兽医实验室复检,诊断为疑似H5型流感疫情,后经国家禽流感参考实验室进行亚型鉴定,确诊为高致病性H5N6亚型流感疫情。为确定疫情分布,分析疫情扩散风险,并提出针对性防控建议,通过现场勘查、访谈,并结合实验室检测,进行了紧急流行病学调查。调查认为,携带病毒的迁徙天鹅遭遇强冷空气可能是导致本次疫情发生的主要原因。本次野鸟疫情未发现向家禽扩散,但应高度重视饲养家禽的生物安全管理工作,避免家禽与野禽接触。     

山东省部分规模猪场非洲猪瘟防控成本与效益调查

为了解山东省规模猪场非洲猪瘟防控成本和效益变化情况,2020年上半年从母猪繁殖性能、育肥猪生产性能、仔猪及饲料购买费用、医疗技术投入费用、防控成本以及收入和利润等方面,对抽检的19家规模养猪场开展问卷调查,并对调查结果分别与2019年和非洲猪瘟疫情发生前年份（以下简称正常年份）进行统计对比。结果显示：2020年上半年规模猪场能繁母猪存栏量同比增加200.1%,比正常年份增加372.8%;育肥猪年出栏量同比增长720.7%,比正常年份增长527.0%。仔猪平均购买价格同比增长49.2%,比正常年份增长167.8%;医疗防疫费同比增长4.1%,比正常年份增长11.6%;改造或新建防控设备设施投入大幅增加,其中智能化系统、散装饲料塔、空气过滤系统、外墙防护设施的升级新建投入费用均超过1 600万元;血清学检测费用同比增加3.4%;病原学检测费用同比增加103.4%。断奶仔猪平均售价同比增长59.9%,比正常年份增长148.4%;育肥猪平均售价同比增长24.4%,比正常年份增长127.0%;净利润同比增加63.2%,比正常年份增加1 125.8%。结果表明,山东省规模猪场在防控非洲猪瘟疫情方面的投入明显加大,但生猪产能显著提升,生猪养殖收益大幅增加,因而生猪生产恢复趋势利好。     

青藏高原典型高寒荒漠生长季蒸散及水分消耗特征研究

为探究青藏高原典型高寒荒漠下垫面水分消耗规律,以2019年青藏高原典型高寒荒漠地区沱沱河站监测的涡动数据和微气象数据为基础,分析不同时间尺度蒸散值的变化特征和下垫面水分消耗特征,研究结果表明：小时平均蒸散发量最大值出现在14—15时,达0.46 mm·h^-1;日蒸散值最大值出现在7月7日,为8.58 mm·d^-1,最小值出现在4月2日,为0.30 mm·d^-1;整个生长季蒸散值呈先增加后减小趋势,其中7月份最大,为120.68 mm,4月份最小,为64.80 mm;生长季总蒸散发量为581.15 mm,平均每天蒸散4.01 mm。整个生长季累计降水量为235.70 mm,蒸散发量与降水量（Precipitation,Pr）的差值（The difference between ET and Precipitation,IETP）显示,2019年青藏高原典型高寒荒漠植被生长季（4—8月）水汽交换以下垫面水分消耗为主。