A Cathepsin B Inhibitor,E-64, Improves the Preimplantation Development of Bovine Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos

Bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is an important and powerful tool for basic research and biomedical and agricultural applications, however, the efficiency of SCNT has remained extremely low. In this study, we investigated the effects of cathepsin B inhibitor (E-64) supplementation of culture medium on in vitro development of bovine SCNT embryos. We initially used three concentrations of E-64 (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 μm), among which 0.5 μm resulted in the highest rate of blastocysts production after in vitro fertilization (IVF), and was therefore used for further experiments. Blastocyst development of SCNT embryos in the E-64 treatment group also increased relative to the control. Moreover, the cryosurvival rates of IVF and SCNT blastocysts were increased in E-64 treatment groups when compared with the control. On the other hand, we found that IVF and SCNT blastocysts derived from E-64-treated groups had increased total cell numbers and decreased apoptotic nuclei. Furthermore, assessment of the expression of apoptosis-related genes (Bax and Bcl-xL) in bovine IVF and SCNT blastocysts treated with E-64 by real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed suppressed expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax and stimulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL. Taken together, these finding indicate that addition of E-64 to embryo culture medium may have important implications for improving developmental competence and preimplantation quality in bovine IVF and SCNT embryos.     

牦牛犊生长发育的试验研究

[目的]目前牦牛生产仍然基本沿用传统的生产模式,生产管理仍是按照传统的低投入、低消耗、低产出、长周期、周转慢的粗放生产系统,牦牛业的生产效率仍然很低,由于牧民难以科学地和有规模地进行科学的饲养管理,早期由于人犊争奶、过度挤母乳,造成犊牛摄取营养不足,直接影响其生产性能的发挥。为了改变这一长期延用下来的生产模式,笔者就对牦牛犊进行全哺乳后的生长发育情况进行了试验研究。[方法]采用随机抽样法将60头初生犊牛分成2组,分别为试验组与对照组,[结果]表明6月龄时其体高、体斜长、胸围、管围、体重分别达到了79.74 cm、86.84 cm、100.10 cm、11.68 cm、64.87 kg。经数据统计分析差异均显著（P 〈0.05）。[结论]全哺乳组牦牛犊牛生长发育情况良好,是值得推广的饲养模式。     

断乳牦牛犊的育肥试验及其生长发育情况的研究

[目的]为了探索在育肥条件下高寒牧区牦牛犊的生长发育情况,促使牦牛犊商品化,实施牦牛高效饲养技术与适时出栏技术相结合,改变本地区传统饲养模式,促进牦牛业向效益型畜牧业转变,为今后普及牦牛犊舍饲育肥,提供可靠数据和标准化饲养管理技术。[方法]于2012年12月~2013年5月,在贵南县开展了断乳牦牛犊舍饲育肥及生长发育效果观测试验。[结果]显示育肥牦牛犊的体高、体斜长、胸围、管围、体重分别达到了86.19cm、94.07cm、113.50cm、12.10cm、91.63kg与对照组相比差异均显著(P0.05)。[结论]对断乳牦牛犊进行舍饲育肥是牧区加快牦牛出栏、调整牛群结构、增加牧民收入的好方法。     

林分因子和气象因素对欧美杨溃疡病发生的影响

探讨了林分和气象因素对欧美杨溃疡病田间发生状况的影响,为拟定病害防治措施提供依据。结果表明:杨树不同品种发病状况不同,中林46杨的发病率和发病指数高于107杨;树龄和林分密度影响病害发生的程度,不同树龄和不同株行距欧美杨林中,溃疡病的平均发病株率和发病指数存在显著差异;在8年生以下树龄的林分中,随树龄增大,病情加重;密度越大,发病率越高。欧美杨溃疡病的发生与4~9月的降水量(R)、日平均气温(T)、日最高气温(A)、日最低气温(a)、日平均相对湿度(HRH)及日平均风速(W)呈显著相关关系。即:欧美杨溃疡病的发生情况随着降水量(R)、日平均气温(T)、日最高气温(A)、日最低气温(a)和日平均相对湿度(HRH)变大而逐渐变重,随着日平均风速(W)的减小而逐渐加重。     

咸水灌溉对芦苇幼苗生长和生理生化特性的影响

研究咸水灌溉对芦苇幼苗生长发育的影响,确定适宜其生长的咸水范围,为滨海咸水区芦苇栽培管理提供参考依据。以芦苇幼苗为研究对象,设定2~14g/L之间7个咸水矿化度水平,以淡水灌溉为对照,研究芦苇在不同矿化度咸水作用下的形态生长和叶片生理生化指标的变化,确定适宜芦苇生长的咸水矿化度范围。结果表明,随着矿化度的升高,芦苇的株高、茎数有不同程度的降低,其中芦苇的分蘖数受盐分的影响较小,大于8g/L的咸水处理,芦苇株高显著低于对照。随着咸水矿化度的升高,芦苇叶片质膜透性、Pro含量、MDA含量与抗氧化系统酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性都有不同程度的升高,6g/L咸水灌溉时,这些生理指标与对照间有明显差异。因此认为,芦苇耐盐性较强,矿化度低于6g/L的灌溉水基本不影响芦苇幼苗的生长,芦苇可以在地下水矿化度低于6g/L的区域种植,或适宜矿化度低于6g/L的灌溉水灌溉。     

宁夏云雾山国家自然保护区蝶类群落结构与多样性

由于蝴蝶对环境变化反应比较灵敏,常被作为检测环境质量变化的指示生物。对宁夏云雾山国家级自然保护区蝶类群落的结构组成与多样性做了初步调查。结果表明:云雾山蝴蝶共有29种,隶属于6科26属。其中,眼蝶科的属和物种数量最多,为8属8种;凤蝶科最少,仅1属1种。通过Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Berger-Parker优势度指数对蝶类的多样性进行分析,眼蝶科的多样性指数最高,但均匀度指数和优势度指数均最低,分别为1.57、0.76和0.28;弄蝶科的丰富度指数最高,达到1.31;蛱蝶科的优势度指数最高,达到0.44;灰蝶科的均匀度指数最高,但多样性指数最低,分别为0.96和1.34;粉蝶科的丰富度指数最低,为0.82。眼蝶科在云雾山保护区是优势科,物种丰富,但物种相对集中,群落结构不稳定,而凤蝶科物种较为贫乏,需要对其加以保护。     

基于FPGA的Buck变换器新型DPWM技术研究

文章针对Buck型DC-DC变换器中DPWM（数字脉冲宽度调制）技术进行研究,指出传统DPWM技术不足,提出MDPWM（改进的脉冲宽度调制）技术。采用FPGA的QuartusⅡ软件进行仿真,仿真结果表明,MDPWM技术能够减少开关管的开通和关断延迟时间、减小器件的功率损耗,当负载波动时,输出电压瞬态响应快,使输出电压稳定性好。     

Pathogenicity and infectivity of a rickettsia-like organism in the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus

Abstract. A rickettsia-like organism from the gills and plicate membrane of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus , was prevalent in near-shore Rhode Island scallop populations such as Block Island Sound and Narragansett Bay, but relatively scarce in Georges Bank samples. Fifty-three per cent of scallops transplanted in cages to Narragansett Bay became infected with the rickettsiae in 2.5-3.5 months. Scallops that were transferred to aquaria with Narragansett Bay water were 100% infected with rickettsiae in 5 months or less. There is some evidence that heavy infection of P. magellanicus inhibits swimming response and that rickettsial infection may contribute indirectly to mortalities by reducing scallop mobility and avoidance of predators. The organism was successfully cultured in gill organ culture and by direct injection of infected tissue homogenate, but could not be grown on artificial media or in yolk sac of embryonated hens' eggs. Other bivalve species could not be infected with the rickettsia of P. magellanicus through the water column or by direct injection.     

Influence of larval co-feeding with live and inert diets on weaning the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

The tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis, an inshore fish in China, has showed great potential in aquaculture recently. However, poor survival was recorded during the period of weaning from live Artemia to artificial diets. In this paper, the influence of co‐feeding larvae with live and inert diet on weaning performance was described. The C. semilaevis larvae were reared at 21 ± 1 °C and fed four different feeding regimes from 6 days post‐hatching (dph): A, Artemia (10 individuals mL^?1); B, Artemia (5 individuals mL^?1); C, mixed diet (10 Artemia individuals mL^?1 and 12 mg L^?1 inert diet); and D, mixed diet (5 Artemia individuals mL^?1 and 12 mg L^?1 inert diet). Rotifers were also supplied in all cases during the first days of feeding. Mixed diets of commercial formulated feed and live prey (rotifers and Artemia) allowed larvae to complete metamorphosis, achieving similar specific growth rate (SGR) (18.5 ± 1.4% and 18.7 ± 1.6%) and survival (40 ± 7.6% and 48.5 ± 6.8%) compared with larvae fed on live feed alone (SGR of 18.3 ± 1.2%, 19.3 ± 1.9% and survival of 41.2 ± 11.3%, 38 ± 4.9%). However, in metamorphosed fish, when live feed was withdrawn on 31 dph, there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in survival and growth among treatments. Metamorphosed fish, previously fed mixture diets during larval stages, had similar survival (62.1 ± 7.6% and 62.8 ± 3.9% for regimes C and D, respectively) but higher than that obtained for fish that previously fed on live feed (49.3 ± 2% and 42.1 ± 3.9% for regimes A and B, respectively) after weaning (day 60). The SGR of weaned fish previously fed live feed was similar (3.1 ± 0.6% and 2.92 ± 0.6% for regimes A and B, respectively) but lower than that recorded for fish that was fed from day 6 to day 30 on the mixed diet (4.5 ± 1.1% and 4.9 ± 0.3% for regimes C and D, respectively). It is suggested that weaning of C. semilaevis from early development would appear to be feasible and larval co‐feeding improves growth and survival.