Diet drives convergence in gut microbiome functions across mammalian phylogeny and within humans

Coevolution of mammals and their gut microbiota has profoundly affected their radiation into myriad habitats. We used shotgun sequencing of microbial community DNA and targeted sequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes to gain an understanding of how microbial communities adapt to extremes of diet. We sampled fecal DNA from 33 mammalian species and 18 humans who kept detailed diet records, and we found that the adaptation of the microbiota to diet is similar across different mammalian lineages. Functional repertoires of microbiome genes, such as those encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes and proteases, can be predicted from bacterial species assemblages. These results illustrate the value of characterizing vertebrate gut microbiomes to understand host evolutionary histories at a supraorganismal level.     

果实日烧发生机理及防止措施

果实日烧属强光和高温引起的一种生理伤害,严重影响果实品质,本文就果实发生日烧的规律及其形成的生理机制进行分析,阐述了果实日烧属于高温与强光引起的氧化胁迫的结果。在此基础上,总结了国内外防止日烧发生所采取的一系列措施,如生产上通过降温、遮光等措施改善果实生长环境,或采取喷施抗氧化剂等措施提高果实的抗逆性,以达到防止果实日烧。     

不同种植年限苹果园土壤理化性质及微生物数量

采用常规方法对山东省烟台市周边地区不同种植年限果园土壤理化性质和微生物数量进行了调查.结果表明:在不同土层中,随着种植年限的增加,果园土壤pH值和含水量的变化没有明显的规律性;果园土壤有机质和全磷含量呈增加的趋势,而全氮和全钾含量呈降低的趋势.不同种植年限果园土壤的三大类微生物的相对数量并没有很大的变化,仍然是细菌最多,放线菌次之,真菌最少;在不同土层中,随着种植年限的增加,土壤细菌和真菌数量呈增加的趋势,土壤放线菌数量呈降低的趋势.     

An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples

Previous studies have reported that related human couples tend to produce more children than unrelated couples but have been unable to determine whether this difference is biological or stems from socioeconomic variables. Our results, drawn from all known couples of the Icelandic population born between 1800 and 1965, show a significant positive association between kinship and fertility, with the greatest reproductive success observed for couples related at the level of third and fourth cousins. Owing to the relative socioeconomic homogeneity of Icelanders, and the observation of highly significant differences in the fertility of couples separated by very fine intervals of kinship, we conclude that this association is likely to have a biological basis.     

不同温度条件下小菜蛾实验种群的研究

该文研究了１１种恒温（８－３５℃）对小菜蛾实验种群的存活，繁殖与种群增长的影响。结果表明，小菜蛾世代存活率与温度之间呈抛物线相关，以２５℃时的存活率最高。在３５℃以上的高温下，卵不能孵化，肾对８℃及以下的低温特别敏感，雌虫产卵期随温度的升高而缩短。８－３０℃下雌虫的繁殖动态下可用类似于统计学的Ｇａｍｍａ分布函数来拟合。雌虫繁殖力和种趋势指数与温度之间均呈抛物线相关，也均在２３℃时达到最大值，内禀增     

应用两类遗传标记方法分析湖羊和同羊的遗传多样性

随机抽取湖羊 6 3只、同羊 6 5只分别进行 14个结构基因座和 7个微卫星标记的遗传检测 ,比较由两种遗传标记获得的群体基因平均杂合度 (H)、多态信息含量 (PIC)及群体有效等位基因数 (Ne)。结果表明 :由微卫星等位基因频率获得的群体基因平均杂合度、多态信息含量及有效等位基因数显著大于由结构基因座获得的 ,且在两群体中变化趋势一致。提示 :结构基因座和微卫星标记是绵羊群体遗传多样性研究的可靠遗传标记 ,而微卫星标记揭示更为丰富的遗传变异 ;两绵羊群体在结构基因座和微卫星DNA两个层次上具相当的遗传多样性 ;微卫星标记可有效用于近缘群体间的遗传分析。     

甜菜碱对奥尼罗非鱼生长、体脂含量及血清生化指标的影响

取奥尼罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochrmis aureus）750尾,随机分为5组,分别饲喂甜菜碱（Betaine）添加量为0、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%和0.60%的饲料,饲养65 d,以研究甜菜碱对奥尼罗非鱼生长、体脂含量及血清生化指标的影响。结果表明：当甜菜碱添加量为0.30%~0.60%时,罗非鱼的增重率较对照组分别提高19.52%、16.63%和21.38%;饲料系数分别降低25.55%、20.44%和29.93%;肝体比降低9.29%、38.57%和29.29%;血清中甘油三酯含量较对照组分别降低66.28%、55.81%和80.23%;淀粉酶活性降低88.78%、37.59%和62.41%;白蛋白和总蛋白含量升高,胆固醇含量显著降低;谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性均有所降低。在本研究条件下,建议奥尼罗非鱼饲料中甜菜碱的适宜添加量为0.45%~0.60%。     

水分胁迫对几种球根花卉生理指标的影响

通过PEG-6000根际模拟土壤水分胁迫的方法,对郁金香、风信子和欧洲水仙3种球根花卉的幼苗进行了胁迫处理,测定了其叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶片细胞膜相对透性及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)3种保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,随着水分胁迫强度的增加,3种球根花卉各生理指标均有不同程度的变化,其中欧洲水仙叶片相对含水量的变化幅度小,MDA含量及细胞膜相对透性较低且变化幅度较小,3种酶的活性在水分胁迫结束时均高于处理前;郁金香和风信子叶片相对含水量的变化幅度较大,MDA含量及细胞膜相对透性较高且变化幅度较大,3种酶的活性在水分胁迫结束时均低于处理前。综合分析后得出,3种球根花卉中以欧洲水仙对干旱的适应力最强,初步认为其可作为干旱地区的庭院美化植物。     

CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance

Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are critical to innate and adaptive immunity to the intestinal bacterial microbiota. Here, we identify a myeloid-derived mucosal DC in mice, which populates the entire lamina propria of the small intestine. Lamina propria DCs were found to depend on the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 to form transepithelial dendrites, which enable the cells to directly sample luminal antigens. CX3CR1 was also found to control the clearance of entero-invasive pathogens by DCs. Thus, CX3CR1-dependent processes, which control host interactions of specialized DCs with commensal and pathogenic bacteria, may regulate immunological tolerance and inflammation.     

CD8alphaalpha-mediated survival and differentiation of CD8 memory T cell precursors

Memory T cells are long-lived antigen-experienced T cells that are generally accepted to be direct descendants of proliferating primary effector cells. However, the factors that permit selective survival of these T cells are not well established. We show that homodimeric alpha chains of the CD8 molecule (CD8alphaalpha) are transiently induced on a selected subset of CD8alphabeta+ T cells upon antigenic stimulation. These CD8alphaalpha molecules promote the survival and differentiation of activated lymphocytes into memory CD8 T cells. Thus, memory precursors can be identified among primary effector cells and are selected for survival and differentiation by CD8alphaalpha.