Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1985/1986

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1985 and 1986 were compiled and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1985/1986

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1985 und 1986 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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¶rt; : 1985–1986

¶rt; , 1985 1986 . .

     

Einfluß von Penicillin in hoher Konzentration auf Aufnahme und Einbau von35S-Methionin in isolierte Wurzeln vonPisum sativum

Zusammenfassung In Nährlösung nach Bonner und Addicott (1937) wurde der Einfluß hoher Konzentrationen von Penicillin G (1,5 · 10^–3 bis 6 · 10^–3 g/ml) auf Aufnahme und Einbau von³⁵S-Methionin in das Eiweiß verschiedener Entwicklungsabschnitte isolierter Wurzeln von Erbsenkeimlingen untersucht. Die Methionin-Aufnahme wurde bei den drei Wurzelsegmenten übereinstimmend durch 6 · 10^–3 g Penicillin je ml Nährlösung leicht gehemmt und durch 1,5 und 3 · 10^–3 g/ml gefördert, und zwar durch die schwächere Konzentration am stärksten. Die absolute Größe des Methionin-Einbaus in das Eiweiß der Wurzelzellen und die darin erreichte spezifische Methionin-Markierung werden durch das Penicillin noch weniger beeinflußt als die Stoffaufnahme. Bei Einwirkung von Penicillinmengen, die das Wurzelwachstum stark herabsetzen, weicht die Intensität des Stoffeinbaus von den unbehandelten Kontrollen (ohne Penicillin) nur unerheblich ab.

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Summary In nutrient solutions (Bonner and Addicott 1937) the influence of high concentrations of penicillin G (1,5 · 10^–3 up to 6 · 10^–3 g/ml) was investigated upon uptake and incorporation of³⁵S-methionine into the proteins in segments of different developmental stage of isolated roots of pea seedlings. In all three root segments uptake of methionine was slightly depressed by 6 · 10^–3 g penicillin per ml nutrient solution, and stimulated by 1,5 · 10^–3 and 3 · 10^–3 g/ml, most strongly by the weaker concentration. The absolute quantity of methionine incorporation into proteins of root cells and the specific methionine activity reached within these cells are less influenced by penicillin than the uptake. In solutions with penicillin quantities strongly inhibiting root growth the intensity of methionine incorporation differs but insignificantly from that of tests without penicillin.

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(1937) G ( 1,5 · 10^–3 6 · 10^–3 / ³⁵S- . : 6 · 10^–3 , 1,5 3 · 10^–3 / -; . «» , , , . , , ( ).

     

Inhibitory effects of plant phenols on the activity of selected enzymes

Selected enzymes (alpha-amylase, trypsin, and lysozyme) were allowed to react with some simple phenolic and related compounds (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, m-, o-, and p-dihydroxybenzenes, quinic acid, and p-benzoquinone). The derivatized enzymes obtained were characterized in terms of their activity. In vitro experiments showed that the enzymatic activity of the derivatives was adversely affected. This enzyme inhibition depended on the reactivity of the phenolic and related substances tested as well as on the kind of substrate applied. The decrease in the activity was accompanied by a reduction in the amount of free amino and thiol groups, as well as tryptophan residues, which resulted from the covalent attachment of the phenolic and related compounds to these reactive nucleophilic sites in the enzymes. The enzyme inhibition correlates well with the blocking of the mentioned amino acid side chains.     

Mass spectrometric detection and formation of D-amino acids in processed plant saps, syrups, and fruit juice concentrates

Liquid and syrupy dietary saps and juices of plant origin, characterized by the presence of large quantities of saccharides (glucose, fructose, or sucrose) and containing amino acids, were analyzed for the presence of D-amino acids using enantioselective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. D-amino acids were detected in processed saps and juices of trees (maple, palm, birch), fruits (grape, apple, pear, pomegranate, date), and various other plants (agave, beetroot, sugar cane, carob). D-Ala was detected in all plant products and amounted to approximately 34% D-Ala (relative to L-Ala + D-Ala) in Canadian maple syrups, to approximately 13% in palm saps, and to 48 and 13% D-Ala, respectively, in concentrated grape juices (Spanish Arrope and Turkish Pekmez). Varying amounts and kinds of other D-amino acids were also detected. To test the hypothesis that racemization, that is, partial conversion of L-amino acids into their corresponding D-enantiomers, occurs at reversible stages of the Maillard reaction, the Amadori compound fructose-L-phenylalanine was synthesized. On heating at 200 degrees C for 5 (20) min, release of 10.8% (24.2%) D-Phe was detected. From the data it is concluded that the Amadori compounds formed in the course of the Maillard reaction are pecursors of D-amino acids in foodstuffs.     

Die urgeschichtlichen Reste des Schlafmohns (Papaver somniferum L.) und die Entstehung der Art

Zusammenfassung Botanische und archäologische Befunde lassen erkennen, daß der Schlafmohn (Papaver somniferum L.) im westlichen Mittelmeergebiet entstanden ist.

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The prehistoric remains of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and the origin of the species

Summary Botanical and archaeological data suggest the origin of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in the Western Mediterranean region.

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(Papaver somniferum L.)

, (Papaver somniferum L). .

     

Isolation and identification of the metolachlor stereoisomers using high-performance liquid chromatography, polarimetric measurements, and enantioselective gas chromatography

Because of the presence of two chiral elements (an asymmetrically substituted carbon and a chiral axis), the herbicide metolachlor consists of four stereoisomers stable at ambient temperature with aSS-, aRS-, aSR-, and aRR-configurations (aSS, the isomer with aS,1'S-configuration, etc.). Metolachlor, initially introduced into the market as the racemic product containing all four stereoisomers, is currently being replaced worldwide by S-metolachlor, the product enantiomerically enriched with the herbicidally active 1'S-isomers (aSS, aRS). The isomer-specific analysis of metolachlor requires not only enantioselective ("chiral") analytical techniques but also suitable reference compounds. In this study, two of the four metolachlor isomers were isolated from rac-metolachlor in enantio- (ee > 98%) and diastereomerically pure forms by a combination of achiral and chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The two isomers were identified as the aSS- and the aRR-isomers by polarimetric measurements, in reference to previous data. The two isomers were then thermally equilibrated to 1:1 mixtures of the aSS/aRS and aRR/aSR diastereomers, respectively, so that analytical data of all four metolachlor isomers became available; they were then used to identify these isomers in technical products by chiral high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC). The kinetics of the thermally induced interconversion of the atropisomers was studied and the consequences, such as for GC analysis, are discussed. A comparison of on-column and split/splitless injection indicated that the latter technique results in significant isomerization prior to separation and, therefore, cannot be used for accurate isomer analysis.     

Effect of soil acidity on the entomophilic nematode Steinernema kraussei Steiner

Summary The free-living stages of Steinernema kraussei (Rhabditida), an endoparasite of Cephalcia abietis L. (Hymenoptera), are exposed to different soil conditions when searching for host nymphs. Field studies and laboratory experiments showed that soil acidity plays a major role in the nematode's ability to parasitize Cephalcia nymphs. Under field conditions in Picea abies forests positive correlations between soil pH and both nematode density and insects parasitized were found. Acidic soil with pH levels below 4.0 may limit the nematode's host-finding. Controlled experiments in the laboratory under different pH conditions confirmed these correlations.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. W. Kühnelt     

Archäologische Kulturpflanzenreste aus der Georgischen SSR (Teil 1)

Zusammenfassung Von mehreren Fundorten Georgiens werden archäologische Kulturpflanzenreste beschrieben. Außerdem wird eine Übersicht bisheriger Funde gegeben.

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Archaeological remains of cultivated plants from Georgia, USSR (Part 1)

Summary Archaeological remains of cultivated plants from Georgia are described. Furthermore the former finds are reviewed.

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( I)

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Frau Dr.R. K. Beridze (Tbilisi) vermittelte das material zu der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Ihr sei diese Arbeit zur Vollendung ihres 70. Lebensjahres in Dankbarkeit gewidmet.