Screening for grain dormancy in segregating generations of dormant × non-dormant crosses in white-grained wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a significant problem. Introgression of genes controlling grain dormancy into white-grained bread wheat is one means of improving resistance to PHS. In this study seven dormant (containing the SW95-50213 and AUS1408 sources) × non-dormant crosses were produced to investigate the effectiveness of selection for grain dormancy in early segregating generations. Each generation (F₁–F₄) was grown in a temperature controlled glasshouse with an extended photoperiod (i.e. continuous light). F₂ and F₃ generations were subject to selection. Five hundred harvest-ripe grains were tested for germination over a 14 day period, and the 100 most dormant grains were retained and grown-on to produce the next generation within each cross. The response to selection was assessed through analysis of the time to 50% germination (G₅₀) in the F₂, F₃ and F₄ generations. In addition, changes in marker class frequencies for two SSR markers (barc170 and gpw2279) flanking a known quantitative trait locus (QTL) for grain dormancy on chromosome 4A were assessed in DNA from F₂ plants selected from early germinating (non-dormant) and late germinating (dormant) phenotypic extremes within each cross. Selection for grain dormancy in the F₂ and F₃ generations effectively recovered the dormant phenotype in all seven crosses, i.e. the F₄ generation was not significantly different from the dormant parent. Further, selection based on individual F₂ grains changed marker class frequencies for the 4A dormancy QTL; in most cases eliminating the marker class homozygous for the non-dormant alleles. Application of this screening method will enable breeders to better select for grain dormancy and may lead to development of new cultivars offering effective resistance to PHS in the near future.     

Comparison of Plants for Germination Toxicity Tests in Petroleum-Contaminated Soils

Pollution of soil by petroleum hydrocarbons is a serious environmental problem world-wide. Although total concentration of contaminants in soil and/or water is used for regulatory review, it also is beneficial to assess the potential for ecosystem impact through a series of bioassays. One commonly used bioassay is seed germination. In this test, seeds are placed in contaminated material, and seedlings enumerated after a specified incubation period. However, different plant species produce variability in response. In the research project reported here, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), millet (Panicum miliaceum), radish (Raphanus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were tested for sensitivity to petroleum-contaminated soil in germination tests. While most plants appeared to show some sensitivity to the pollutant, only lettuce had a statistically significant difference in response to contaminated and uncontaminated soil. These results confirm that Latuca sativa L is the optimal plant choice for standard germination toxicity tests with petroleum-impacted soil.     

Lead mobilisation in the hyporheic zone and river bank sediments of a contaminated stream: contribution to diffuse pollution

Purpose

Past metal mining has left a legacy of highly contaminated sediments representing a significant diffuse source of contamination to water bodies in the UK and worldwide. This paper presents the results of an integrated approach used to define the role of sediments in contributing to the dissolved lead (Pb) loading to surface water in a mining-impacted catchment.

Materials and methods

The Rookhope Burn catchment, northern England, UK is affected by historical mining and processing of lead ore. Quantitative geochemical loading determinations, measurements of interstitial water chemistry from the stream hyporheic zone and inundation tests of bank sediments were carried out.

Results and discussion

High concentrations of Pb in the sediments from the catchment, identified from the British Geological Survey Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment (GBASE) data, demonstrate both the impact of mineralisation and widespread historical mining. The results from stream water show that the stream Pb load increased in the lower part of the catchment, without any apparent or significant contribution of point sources of Pb to the stream. Relative to surface water, the interstitial water of the hyporheic zone contained high concentrations of dissolved Pb in the lower reaches of the Rookhope Burn catchment, downstream of a former mine washing plant. Concentrations of 56???g?l^?1 of dissolved Pb in the interstitial water of the hyporheic zone may be a major cause of the deterioration of fish habitats in the stream and be regarded as a serious risk to the target of good ecological status as defined in the European Water Framework Directive. Inundation tests provide an indication that bank sediments have the potential to contribute dissolved Pb to surface water.

Conclusions

The determination of Pb in the interstitial water and in the inundation water, taken with water Pb mass balance and sediment Pb distribution maps at the catchment scale, implicate the contaminated sediments as a large Pb supply to surface water. Assessment of these diffuse contaminant sources is critical for the successful management of mining-impacted catchments.     

Effects of Selected Surfactants on Nutrient Uptake in Corn (Zea mays L.)

Surfactants in herbicide formulations eventually enter soil and may disrupt various processes. Research examined effects on nutrient uptake in corn caused by surfactants, herbicides, and surfactant-herbicide combinations applied to silt loam and silty clay loam soils in the greenhouse. Surfactants evaluated were Activator 90, Agri-Dex, and Thrust; herbicides were glyphosate, atrazine, and bentazon. Corn was planted in fertilized soils with moisture content maintained for optimum growth. Foliage (V8 growth stage) was collected for elemental analyses. Nutrient uptake differed with soil texture. Nutrient uptake from silty clay loam was more affected by surfactants and/or herbicides than in silt loam. Potassium uptake was significantly (P = 0.05) decreased in silt loam only by Thrust but uptake of phosphorus (P), potassium (K) calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) decreased by ≤30% in silty clay loam treated with surfactants. Surfactants and/or herbicides may interact with soil texture to affect nutrient uptake. Long-term field studies to validate changes in nutrient uptake and grain yields after annual applications of surfactants plus herbicides are needed.     

抗大麦黄矮病（BYDV）种质——无芒中4的同工酶电泳图谱研究

抗大麦黄矮病的小麦--中间偃麦草部分双二倍体无芒中4（2n=56,染色体组A、B、D、E、）胚乳的乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、β-淀粉酶（β-amy）,酯酶（EST）和叶片过氧化物酶（Per）电泳图谱表明：无芒中4的ADH酶谱中除具有双亲的酶带外,还有一条由普通小麦4B、4D和中间偃麦草4E染色体上结构基因共同编码产生的杂种带ADH-4。在酯酶电泳图谱的EST1活性区,无芒中4缺少普通小麦部分同源染色体组3上的结构基因控制产生的酶带EST1-5、6;具有中间偃麦草3E染色体上结构基因编码产生的酶带EST1-7。在EST2活性区,它还有由中间偃麦草6E染色体上结构基因控制产生的3条酶带。无芒中4有 2条色深且宽的β-amy酶带,有3条等电点pH=4.32,5.35和6.12的Per酶带,它们都源于中间偃麦草。无芒中4的这些特异带在无芒中4/普通小麦F#-1代,除EST1-5、6、7外,都呈显性效应,可作为鉴别真假杂种的生化标志。     

Surface area estimation of potato tubers

Summary Surface areas of tubers of the potato cultivars Cara, Désirée, King Edward and Maris Piper were estimated empirically by measuring the area of adhesive tape required to cover each tuber surface. Measuring the area of thin peelings of all four cultivars underestimated tuber surface area, the degree of underestimation increasing with decreasing tuber size. ‘Shape factors’ (D), calculated as:D = surface area/volume^2/3, varied with tuber size and variety (overall mean = 5.070±0.0245;n=56), but would be suitable for estimating the surface areas of similarly-sized tubers of a single cultivar. A mathematical model which used a surface integral to estimate a tuber's surface area from its axial dimensions and volume closely approximated to the empirical estimates of surface area for all four cultivars, and would be preferable to the use of shape factors when estimating surface areas of potatoes with variable shapes or unknownD values.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden verschiedene Methoden zur Sch?tzung der Oberfl?chengr?sse an Knollen der Kartoffelsorten Cara, Désirée, King Edward und Maris Piper verglichen. Die Knollenform war abh?ngig von Sorte und Gr?sse (Abb. 1A). Empirische Sch?tzungen der Oberfl?chengr?sse erhielt man, in dem mit Hilfe eines transportablen Fl?chenmeters der Fl?cheninhalt eines undurchsichtigen Klebebandes bestimmt wurde, das in dünnen Streifen von der Oberfl?che abgeschnitten worden war. Der ‘Formfaktor’ (D), der an Hand der Gleichung 1 errechnet wurde, war bei allen Sorten mit Ausnahme von Cara bei grossen Knollen gr?sser als bei kleinen. Cara hatte auch signifikant niedrigere Werte als die 3 anderen Sorten (Abb. 1B). Diese Variationen bei denD-Werten verursachten sorten- und gr?ssenabh?ngige Fehler in den Voraussagen mittels eines zuvor ver?ffentlichten Formfaktormodells (Abb. 2A). Bei allen Sorten wurde bei Fl?chenmessungen dünner Schalen die wahren Oberfl?chen stets untersch?tzt, wobei sich der Grad der Untersch?tzung mit der Verringerung der Knollengr?sse erh?hte (Abb. 2B). Dieser Effekt wurde auf die offenbare Reduktion des Knollenradius bezogen, die aus der Abplattung der Schalen bis auf eine begrenzte St?rke resultiert. Ein mathematisches Modell, das ein Oberfl?chenintegral (Gleichung 3 oder 4) zur Sch?tzung der Knollenoberfl?che an Hand der Achsenausdehnungen und des Volumens benutzte, ergab ohne signifikante Abh?ngigkeit von der Knollengr?sse bei allen 4 Sorten eine gute Ann?herung an die tats?chliche Oberfl?chengr?sse (Abb. 2C). Das Modell wurde verwendet, um die Sch?leffekte auf die Oberfl?chensch?tzung nachzuahmen, indem die Reduktion der Achsenausdehnungen durch die Schalendicke in die Rechnungen einbezogen wurde (Abb. 3A und 3B).

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Résumé Différentes méthodes utilisées pour évaluer la superficie ont été comparées sur des tubercules des variétés Cara, Désirée, King Edward et Maris Piper. La forme des tubercules dépendait de la variété et de la taille de ceux-ci (fig. 1A). Empiriquement, l'évaluation de la superficie était obtenue en utilisant un ruban adhésif mince autour du tubercule et en mesurant la surface de celui-ci à l'aide d'un planimètre. Dans ce cas, les ‘facteurs de forme’ (D) calculés selon l'Equation 1 s'avéraient plus élevés pour les gros tubercules que pour les petits chez toutes les variétés sauf chez Cara: cette dernière ayant des valeurs significativement plus petites que celles des trois autres variétés (fig. 1B). Ces variations des valeurs deD, données par la variété et la taille des tubercules apportaient une erreur dans la prévision d'un modèle mathématique applicable à la forme (fig. 2A). La mesure par prélèvement d'une mince couche de peau sur toutes les variétés surestimait invariablement la supercifie des tubercules et cette surestimation s'accroissait avec la diminution de leur taille (fig. 2B). Cet effet pouvait être associé à une réduction apparente du rayon du tubercule due aux pelures d'épaisseur constante. Un modèle établi en fonction de la surface intégrale (Equation 3 ou 4) permettait d'évaluer la superficie du tubercule en fonction de ses dimensions axiales et de son volume et donnait une bonne approximation de la superficie réelle pour les quatre variétés, sans dépendance significative de la taille des tubercules (fig. 2C). Ce modèle était utilisé pour simuler les effets du pelage des pommes de terre par rapport à leur superficie en intégrant dans les calculs les dimensions des tubercules avant et après le pelage (fig. 3A et 3B).

     

Conservation of threatened species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve through identification and protection of marine key biodiversity areas

• 1. The Galapagos Marine Reserve provides refuge for numerous threatened marine species, including 16 mammals, birds, reptiles and fish currently recognized on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, plus an additional 25 endemic fish, mollusc, crustacean, echinoderm, coral and macroalgal species that comply with threatened species criteria because of declining extent of occurrence or highly‐localized ranges, and hence also qualify for inclusion on the Red List.
• 2. Threatened marine species with restricted ranges are not randomly distributed across the archipelago but tend to co‐occur at a limited number of sites that are predominantly located in the west. Sites at which threatened species are known to persist, particularly those with a large proportion of the global population, are here identified as sites of global conservation significance — key biodiversity areas.
• 3. The majority (27) of the 38 inshore key biodiversity areas identified are currently protected from fishing because they lie within the 17% of coastal waters that is zoned as ‘no‐take’ tourism or conservation zones. All key biodiversity areas should be protected from extractive exploitation if threatened species are to be safeguarded. This can be achieved, at the minimum, through a relatively minor amendment to the existing marine zoning scheme, whereby an additional 2% of the coastline is dedicated to conservation.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.