Entwicklung einiger Nistkastenbewohner in ostbayerischen Waldgebieten Teil II: Säuger

From 1950 until 1987 up to 3,350 nest-boxes were checked each year in woodland of Eastern Bavaria. Among the mammals bats (Myotis daubentoni and other species), dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius, Glis glis andEliomys quercinus) and mice (Apodemus spp.) were observed. The distribution of the dominant species is mapped (Figs. 1, 3) and the annual percentage of occupied boxes by different groups and species is shown in diagrams (Figs. 2, 4, 5). The quote of nest-boxes inhabited by small mammals increased since 1980. Several factors influencing the occurrence of mammals in nest-boxes such as adaption, competition, population density and climatic conditions are discussed.

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Mit 6 Abbildungen     

Co‐occurrence of the ascomycete Lophodermium piceae and the rust fungus Chrysomyxa abietis in Norway spruce needles

The frequency of needles and the proportion of needle segments infected by Lophodermium piceae were compared in symptomless and Chrysomyxa abietis‐infected, 1‐year‐old needles of Picea abies. In late spring, symptomless needles from both rust‐infected and healthy saplings were sampled. In addition, rust‐infected, totally chlorotic needles and needles with chlorosis along about half their length from the diseased trees were examined. In all three stands, the proportion of segments infected by L. piceae was larger in the rust‐infected half of the needle than in the symptomless half; but the difference was statistically significant in only one of the stands. The proportion of L. piceae‐infected segments among the nonrust‐infected needles was the same as that found for the uninfected half of rust‐infected needles (after correction for size differences). No differences in the proportion of L. piceae‐infected segments were found between the totally chlorotic, rust‐infected needles and the green needles of diseased or healthy trees.     

An artificial diet for shrews (Soricidae)

The common shrew (Sorex araneus L.) and the pygmy shrew (S. minutus L.) could be raised for several months in captivity using the tupaii food Altromin 8010^®. The artificial diet was well accepted and the animals increased in weight.     

Wachstum und Vermehrung der Erdmans(Microtus agrestis L.) auf Forstkulturen

Growth and reproduction of the Field Vole (Microtus agrestis L.) in forest plantations The growth of the Field Vole was persecuted by means of the capture mark and recapture method in the years 1971–75. Investigations were made about the number of embryoes, the condition of the gonads and the blood glucose content of specimens which were trapped in comparable areas nearby and killed immediately after capture.In each year a peak of number of embryoes, percentage of pregnant females and a short distance between pregnancy was observed in May and June. At this time also males reached a high index weight of the testes and young males with juvenile coat were sexually mature. The growth of the testes began at the end of February and was followed by a rapid increase of body weight in the spring. In the midsummer a fast decline in body weight was observed and the havier males disappeared. At this time the blood glucose content was at a minimum about 25–90 mg./ 100 ml. blood. The highest level over 250mg./100ml. was observed in winter. The high energy requirement for growth and reproduction of the voles in early spring can cause damages in forest plantations. At this time trees with freshly gnawed bark were observed.     

Nitrogen forms in bark, wood and foliage of nitrogen-fertilized Pinus sylvestris

Cycling of soluble non-protein N compounds is thought to be indicative of the N-nutritional status of trees. We determined the major N forms in bark, wood and foliage and estimated the dependence of prevalent N forms on N availability in Pinus sylvestris L. trees from northern Sweden. Trees subjected to severe N limitation and trees that had been fertilized with an average 64 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) for 25 years were analyzed. Bark and wood samples were collected by tangentially cryo-sectioning the trunk into 30-microm thick sections, from the bark to the functional xylem. Soluble amino compounds were extracted from the sections for analysis. Sap samples from twigs were obtained by centrifugation, and bark samples from twigs were obtained by tissue extraction. In both needles and bark, arginine dominated the amino-N pool. Because arginine concentrations in needles increased with N fertilization, arginine dominance of the amino-N pool in needles was higher in N-fertilized trees than in control trees. In bark, N fertilization resulted in a large increase in glutamine concentration, so that glutamine accounted for a larger proportion of the amino-N pool in bark in N-fertilized trees than in control trees. Glutamine dominated the amino-N pool in wood of control trees. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in an increased proportion of arginine in the wood amino-N pool. We conclude that the composition of the amino-N pools in bark, wood and foliage is highly sensitive to N supply. The composition of the amino-N pools can contribute to the regulation of tree N-nutritional status, which is mediated by shoot to root signalling by long-distance transport of amino compounds.     

Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity in Scots pine to the annual cycle of temperature

Coniferous trees growing in the boreal and temperate zones have a clear annual cycle of photosynthetic activity. A recent study demonstrated that the seasonal variation in photosynthetic capacity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) could be attributed mainly to the light response curve of photosynthesis. The magnitude of the light response curve varied over the season while its shape remained constant, indicating that the two physiological parameters quantifying the curve-the quantum yield per unit internal carbon dioxide concentration and the corresponding light-saturated rate-remained proportional to each other. We now show, through modeling studies, that the quantum yield (and hence the light-saturated rate) is related to the annual cycle of temperature through a delayed dynamic response. The proposed model was tested by comparing model results with intensive measurements of photosynthesis and driving variables made from April to October in three shoots of Scots pine growing near the northern timberline. Photosynthetic capacity showed considerable acclimation during the growing season. A single model describing photosynthetic capacity as a reversible, first-order delay process driven by temperature explained most of the variation in photosynthetic capacity during the year. The proposed model is simpler but no less accurate than previous models of the annual cycle of photosynthetic capacity.     

Predicting spring phenology and frost damage risk of Betula spp. under climatic warming: a comparison of two models

Timing of bud burst and frost damage risk for leaves of Betula spp. in response to climatic warming in Finland was examined with two models. In the first model, ontogenetic development in spring was triggered by an accumulation of chilling temperatures. The second model assumed an additional signal from the light climate. The two models gave radically different estimates of frost damage risk in response to climate warming. The chilling-triggered model forecast a significant and increasing risk with increased warming, whereas the light-climate-triggered model predicted little or no risk. The chilling-triggered model is widely applied in phenological research; however, there is increasing experimental evidence that light conditions play a role in the timing of spring phenology. Although it is not clear if the light response mechanisms are appropriately represented in our model, the results imply that reliance on a light signal for spring development would afford a degree of protection against possible frost damage under climate warming that would not be present if chilling were the sole determinant. Further experimental tests are required to ascertain the light-related mechanisms controlling phenological timing, so that credible model extrapolations can be undertaken.     

Entwicklung einiger Nistkastenbewohner in ostbayerischen Waldgebieten Teil I: Vögel und Insekten

Registrations of contents of nest-boxes were evaluated for the years 1950–1989 in both regions of north and south in eastern Bavaria. The percentage of empty boxes was diminished in that period in spite the total number of boxes was augmented.Tits (Parus spp.) occupied an increasing part of boxes only in the northern region where natural nesting sites were rare, but the nuthatch (Sitta europaea) increased nearly in all woodland. Other species like tree creeper (Certhia spp.), flycatcher (Ficedula spp.) and wryneck (Jynx torquilla) occurred only sporadically. The percentage of insects, especially of bumble bees was reduced constantly.Several factors influencing the use of nest-boxes by the various species were checked and discussed. The results are no evidence for the development of abundance of the different groups, but can give some hints for further detailed investigations.

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Entwicklung einiger Nistkastenbewohner in ostbayerischen Waldgebieten Teil I: Vögel und Insekten

Zusammenfassung Die Aufzeichnungen der Nistkastenkontrolle in ostbayerischen Waldgebieten wurde für den Zeitraum 1950–1989 ausgewertet. Dabei wurde ein nördlicher und ein südlicher Bereich unterschieden.Die Gesamtbelegung der Nistgeräte stieg über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum hinweg an. Der Anteil der Meisen nahm in den nadelholzreichen bzw. naturhöhlenarmen Waldgebieten im Norden zu, jedoch nicht in den Wäldern im Süden mit einem höheren Laubholzanteil. In nahezu allen Waldgebieten belegte der Kleiber zunehmend mehr Nistkästen im Verlauf der vergangenen 3 Dekaden. Baumläufer, Fliegenschnäpper und Wendehals waren allgemein selten und traten nur sporadisch in bestimmten Jahren stärker in Erscheinung. Der Anteil der Insekten, insbesondere der Hummeln, war in allen Gebieten rückläufig.Die Belegung der Nistkästen ist von verschiedenen Einfluß-faktoren abhängig. Der verwendete Nistkastentyp, Art und Ort der Aufhängung, natürliches Höhlenangebot, Anpassung der Bewohner an die Geräte, Konkurrenz und nicht zuletzt die Populationsdichte der Bewohner selbst bestimmen, bis zu welchem Grade die Geräte von der einen oder anderen Art ausgenutzt werden. Somit können die Ergebnisse nur einige Hinweise über das Vorkommen und die Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Nistkastenbewohner geben. Die Ursachen der beobachteten Entwicklung können nur durch anderweitige eingehende Untersuchungen aufgedeckt werden.

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Mit 6 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle     

Aus der Vorratsschutz-Arbeit des Pflanzenschutzamtes Berlin. Tierische Schädlinge in Nahrungs- und Genußmitteln der Großlagerhaltung und Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen in den Jahren 1980–1986

Zusammenfassung Es wird über das Auftreten von 25 Vorratsschädlingen, darunter 17 Käfer- und 3 Mottenarten, in den Lägern der Bevorratungsabteilung des Senators für Wirtschaft und Arbeit, der sonstigen Großlagerhaltung sowie in den Vorräten privater Haushalte berichtet. Die häufigsten Schädlinge in der Großlagerei waren Brotkäfer (Stegobium paniceum L.) und Speichermotten (Ephestia elutella Hbn.). Für den Vorratsschutz interessante Fälle und besondere Arten werden ausführlicher behandelt. Außerdem wird ein Überblick über die Entwesungs- und Entseuchungsarbeiten gegeben, bei denen neben den Begasungsmitteln mit den Wirkstoffen Methylbromid, Phosphorwasserstoff und Blausäure auch Vorratsschutzmittel auf der Grundlage von Dichlorvos, Pyrethrum und Piperonylbutoxid in verschiedenen Anteilen eingesetzt werden.

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Stored products protection activities of the Plant Protection Office Berlin. Pests of foodstuffs and pest-control in warehouses from 1980 to 1986

It is reported about the appearance of 25 stored-product pests, within 17 species of beetles and 2 species of moths in warehouses of the Bevorratungsabteilung des Senators für Wirtschaft und Arbeit as well as in the other warehouses and private households. The drugstore bettle (Stegobium paniceum L.) and the warehouse moth (Ephestia elutella Hbn.) were the most common pests. Cases of special interest and particular species are described in detail. Also is given a survey about the pest-controlling measures carried out with poisongas as methylbromide, phosphine and hydrocyanic acid and with insecticides on basis of dichlorvos, pyrethrum and piperonylbutoxide.

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Mit einer Abbildung und 3 Tabellen