Glacial-interglacial Indian summer monsoon dynamics

The modern Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is characterized by exceptionally strong interhemispheric transport, indicating the importance of both Northern and Southern Hemisphere processes driving monsoon variability. Here, we present a high-resolution continental record from southwestern China that demonstrates the importance of interhemispheric forcing in driving ISM variability at the glacial-interglacial time scale as well. Interglacial ISM maxima are dominated by an enhanced Indian low associated with global ice volume minima. In contrast, the glacial ISM reaches a minimum, and actually begins to increase, before global ice volume reaches a maximum. We attribute this early strengthening to an increased cross-equatorial pressure gradient derived from Southern Hemisphere high-latitude cooling. This mechanism explains much of the nonorbital scale variance in the Pleistocene ISM record.     

小麦品种淀粉特性变异及其与面条品质关系的研究

 将 2组共计 185个国内外小麦品种分别在 4种和 2种环境条件下种植 ,分析其淀粉特性的遗传变异及其与面条品质的关系。结果表明 ,小麦品种淀粉特性变异幅度较大 ;淀粉特性较好的国外品种 (系 )有Sunstate、Hartog、Eradu、Cunninghan、Gamenya、Karl92和Sunco ,淀粉品质较好的国内品种有扬麦 5号、扬麦 15 8、绵阳 2 6、鄂恩 1号、豫麦 4 1、豫麦 4 9、郑 81 1、豫麦 5 4、豫麦 2号、豫麦 4 7、鲁 95 5 15 9、鲁麦 15、鲁麦 2 1、陕优 2 2 5、关封 2号、冀5 0 99、北农 4号和津麦 2号等 ;国外品种、南方麦区和黄淮麦区品种的淀粉特性和面条品质较好 ,北部冬麦区品种则较差 ;峰值粘度、稀懈值和面粉膨胀体积是衡量淀粉品质和面条品质的 3个重要指标 ;我国品种中Wx B1缺失频率较高 ,它可作为淀粉特性和面条品质的选种指标     

PROTOTYPE: A NEW MIXED PATTERN FOR KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION

In this paper, it is pointed out that some kind of mixed pattern for knowledge representation should be needed in CAD systems, and prototype is just one of this kind of pattern, which is most suitable to representing the relative design knowledge.The paper particularly elaborates the notion of prototype and introduces how to represent a design prototype.Operations on prototypes are also demonstrated in order to conceive the reasoning mechanism in a prototype-based design system.     

STR基因座进行奶牛个体识别的应用

通过分析2份冷冻精液样本和4头可疑种公牛血样的BM1862、BM2113、BM720和TGLA122 STR基因座遗传多样性，旨在判断该2份冷冻精液的种公牛来源，为建立奶牛个识别方法奠定基础。结果表明，应用STR基因座对个体进行识别，鉴别能力达0.9999。说明四个STR基因座可以用于冻精质量监测或奶牛个体识别和亲子鉴定。     

Effect of expanded cottonseed meal on laying performance,egg quality,concentrations of free gossypol in tissue,serum and egg of laying hens

Three hundred and sixty Hy‐Line Brown hens, 40 week of age, were allocated to five treatments, each of which included four replicates of 18 hens. After an expanded process of cottonseed meal (CSM), free gossypol content in CSM was decreased from 1.24 to 0.40 g/kg. The dietary treatments were corn‐soybean meal based diets including 6% CSM and 6%, 8% and 10% expanded cottonseed meal (ECSM). Hens fed 8% ECSM had higher (P < 0.05) laying rate and average egg weight than those fed 6% CSM. The albumen height and Haugh unit in the control group, 6% and 8% ECSM groups were superior (P < 0.05) to other treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM resulted in severe (P < 0.05) egg yolk discoloration. Free gossypol (FG) concentrations in yolk and albumen and tissues of the 6% CSM group were greater (P < 0.05) than those in any ECSM treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM and 10% ECSM had the highest (P < 0.05) FG concentrations in the liver compared with those in the kidney and muscle, and higher (P < 0.05) FG residues in yolk than those in albumen. In conclusion, FG in CSM can be reduced by 68% through an expanded process and ECSM can be available in laying hens at up to 10% of the total diet and an appropriate replacement of soybean meal with ECSM may improve performance in laying hens.     

Effects of dietary squid viscera meal on growth and cadmium accumulation in tissues of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier 1828)

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic environmental pollutant with a long biological half‐life and can produce both hepatic and renal injuries in mammals and fish. Squid viscera meal (SVM), an effective attractant for aquatic animals, is widely used as an ingredient in aquafeeds. However, SVM is rich in Cd and its complexes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary SVM on the growth and Cd deposition in tissues of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Three practical diets were formulated to contain 0, 50 and 100 g SVM kg^?1 diet, respectively, containing 0.21, 7.26 and 12.08 mg Cd kg^?1 diet. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 80 Japanese seabass (mean initial weight, 10.89±0.21 g) in floating sea cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 m). Fish were fed twice daily (06:30 and 16:30 hours) to satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that there were no significant differences in fish survival among three dietary treatments, but significant higher specific growth rates (SGR) were observed in the fish fed diets with 50 or 100 g SVM kg^?1 diet than that from the control group (P<0.05). The Cd concentrations in the kidney, liver and gill were found in a decreasing order at each treatment, and positively correlated with dietary Cd levels. Fish fed diets with 50 and 100 g SVM kg^?1 diet had significantly higher Cd accumulations in the kidney (3.25, 5.85 mg kg^?1), liver (0.76, 1.26 mg kg^?1) and gill (0.42, 0.58 mg kg^?1) compared with the control group (0.82, 0.34 and 0.32 mg kg^?1 respectively) (P<0.05). The Cd concentration in fish muscle; however, was undetectable in any treatment. Therefore, based on these results, accumulation of Cd in edible tissue (muscle) of farmed Japanese seabass is not a food safety issue. However, long‐term feeding of diets with SVM may result in accumulation of Cd in the kidneys, liver and gills of fish.     

Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio for juvenile Japanese seabass (initial average weight 6.26±0.10 g). Nine practical diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (36%, 41% and 46%), each with three lipid levels (8%, 12% and 16%), in order to produce a range of P/E ratios (from 19.8 to 28.6 mg protein kJ⁻¹). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 fish in sea floating cages (1.5×1.5×2.0 m). Fish were fed twice daily (06:30 and 16:30) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The water temperature fluctuated from 26.5 to 32.5 °C, the salinity from 32‰ to 36‰ and dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg l⁻¹ during the experimental period. The results showed that the growth was significantly affected by dietary P/E ratio (P<0.05). Fish fed the diets with 46% protein (12% and 16% lipid, P/E ratio of 26.7 and 25.7 mg protein kJ⁻¹) had the highest specific growth rates (SGR) (4.26 and 4.24% day⁻¹). However, fish fed the diet with 41% protein and 12% lipid showed comparable growth (4.20% day⁻¹), and had higher protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV) and energy retention than other groups (P<0.05). No significant differences in survival were found among dietary treatments. Carcass lipid content positively correlated with dietary lipid level irrespective of protein level and inversely correlated with carcass moisture content. Carcass protein and ash contents increased with increasing dietary lipid at each protein level. These results suggest that the diet containing 41% protein and 12% lipid with P/E of 25.9 mg protein kJ⁻¹ is optimal for Japanese seabass.     

象山港养殖区与非养殖区大型底栖生物生态比较研究

2000年在象山港3个养殖区(海带、牡蛎、鱼类)和非养殖区水域进行了四季调查,对养殖区和非养殖区大型底栖生物的生态学进行比较研究。调查鉴定出71种大型底栖生物,其中养殖区45种、非养殖区61种,两区共有种为35种。牡蛎养殖区外侧、鱼类网箱养殖区周围平均生物量和密度分别高达433.53g·m-2和155ind·m-2、91.92g·m-2和114.96ind·m-2;海带养殖区仅为1.55g·m-2和27.5ind·m-2,也明显低于非养殖区5.24g·m-2和53.04ind·m-2;鱼类网箱养殖区中心未见生物分布。本文同时对底栖生物与养殖生物、沉积物及水文环境因子的相关性作了研究探讨。     

两种硝化抑制剂对土壤氮转化的影响

为比较硝化抑制剂双氰胺、硫代硫酸钾对土壤氮的硝化抑制效果,明确其对土壤氮转化作用效应,采用室内培养试验方法,研究了双氰胺、硫代硫酸钾及其配施对土壤矿质氮动态变化、硝化作用及氮回收率的影响。结果表明,单施氮肥土壤硝化作用活跃,77.7%的化肥氮以铵态氮形式从矿质氮库消失,其中56.6%的氮形成硝态氮。氮肥配施双氰胺、硫代硫酸钾分别显著降低矿质氮库铵态氮消失量74.1%(P0.01)和16.6%(P0.05),同时配施双氰胺和硫代硫酸钾处理铵态氮出现增加现象。氮肥配施双氰胺及同时配施2种抑制剂均不同程度地抑制氮的硝化作用,抑制率分别为35.5%~98.7%和82.2%~103.5%,硝化作用延滞时间均在20 d以上。氮肥配施硫代硫酸钾的硝化抑制率为1.6%~62.6%,硝化作用延滞时间为10 d。双氰胺硝化抑制效应优于硫代硫酸钾,且2种抑制剂同时配施作用效果优于其单独施用。施用硫代硫酸钾可促进土壤NO2--N积累,双氰胺可抑制NO2--N生成。氮肥配施双氰胺及同时配施两种抑制剂处理显著增加土壤矿质氮含量、降低其他去向氮含量同时显著提高土壤矿质氮回收率14.7%(P0.05)和12.0%(P0.05)。总体上,抑制剂双氰胺在铵态氮转化、硝化作用抑制及提高矿质氮回收率等方面作用效果均优于硫代硫酸钾,硫代硫酸钾与双氰胺配施在硝化抑制作用方面具有协同效应。该研究结果可为双氰胺、硫代硫酸钾在农田氮素面源污染控制中的应用提供科学依据,但对2种抑制剂硝化抑制特性的全面了解,尚需在田间试验条件下进行进一步的研究和验证。     

水体污染对人体健康的危害

众所周知,水是维持人类生命所必需的物质.人必须每天饮水,通过水来完成人体内的新陈代谢、营养的吸收与分配、体温的调节、废物排泄等等生命活动.同时,水也是进行正常的生活活动,如个人卫生、沐浴、洗涤等等方面所必不可少的物质.