Agricultural policy and social returns to eradication programs: the case of Aujeszky''s disease in Sweden

Economic-welfare analysis of animal disease prevention programs frequently ignore the constraints of the agricultural policy environment. Prevention programs affect producers, consumers and the government. The policy environment to a large extent determines the magnitude as well as the distribution of benefits of the program among these groups. The Swedish hog industry has been exposed to three major policy changes during the 1990–1995 period. These scenarios involve various degrees of government intervention in the agricultural sector including internal market deregulation and EU-membership. Aujeszky's disease is a virus disease with swine as the natural infection reservoir. Piglets are the most fragile and an outbreak of the disease results in symptoms such as shaking, cramps and convulsions with an increase in the mortality rate. Slaughter hogs suffer from coughing, fever and reduce their feed consumption. During the last 20–25 years the incidence of Aujeszky's disease (AD) has been increasing in Sweden. In 1989 an eradication program was undertaken. A model is developed to analyze social benefits of an eradication program given variations in agricultural policy. The model refers to the specifics of the AD-program implemented in Sweden. The expected benefits of the program are evaluated using a welfare-economic analysis applying cost-benefit analysis. Total benefits of the program are evaluated across herd and size categories and different regions. Data concerning the frequency of the virus among various categories of herds prior to enacting the program were used (Wahlström et al., 1990). In addition, data from an agricultural insurance company were used to estimate the conditional probability of an outbreak given that the herd is infected. Biological and technical parameter values were collected from a variety of sources. The results of the analysis indicate that the program is economically viable given a social rate of discount in the range of 3–5% without considering non-monetary aspects such as animal ethics. A scenario where the Swedish agricultural sector is deregulated provides the maximum benefits of the program. Consumers obtain about 50% of the benefits excluding program costs. The deregulation scenario would correspond closely to a case where a reformed Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is applied across member countries. In the current case where Sweden is a member of the EU, the benefits are reduced mainly due to lower prices of inputs and pork.     

德力施在水稻上的应用

 在水稻栽培过程中,配合秸秆还田施用德力施菌剂,并加入尿素作为细菌生长繁殖所需的氮源,可提高水稻产量2.48%～12.25%;把短效秸秆和中长效秸秆配合施用,其增产效果更好。     

饲料稻氮代谢特性研究

以饲料稻品种湘早籼24号和普通早稻品种中优早81为材料，研究了饲料稻氮代谢特性，结果表明，两水稻品种上三叶叶片内氮代谢关键酶活性变化趋势基本一致，氮素还原同化酶类硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺转化酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性随着叶片的衰老籽粒成熟逐渐下降；而叶片内催化氮素降解的蛋白水解酶活性在籽粒灌浆初期在所下降，在籽粒灌浆后期又有所上升，加速了氮素的降解转移；籽粒蛋白质含量高的饲料稻品种比蛋白质含量较低的普通水稻品种具有更强的氮代谢关键酶活性。氮代谢关键酶活性的高低直接影响到籽粒内蛋白质的积累。     

披针叶黄华总生物碱对小鼠的毒性

用醇溶剂法提取了披针叶黄华总生物碱 ,并采用给小鼠口腔灌服的方法对该生物碱进行了毒性试验。结果表明 ,30 0 mg/kg剂量 1次灌服 ,2～ 3.5 min可使受试小鼠全部死亡 ;每日 2 0 0 mg/kg剂量 1次灌服 ,7～ 15d可使受试小鼠全部致死 ;每日 1次灌服剂量分别为 5 0 ,75 ,10 0 ,12 5 ,15 0 mg/kg时 ,均在 6 0 d内使受试小鼠全部致死。每日 1次灌服剂量为 5 0 mg/kg的小鼠剖检结果 :以实质器官充血、出血为主 ;组织学变化呈现心脏纤维肿胀 ,肌浆内出现多量红色细小颗粒 ,间质毛细血管充血 ;肝细胞肿大 ,胞浆内出现大小不等、多少不一的空泡 ;脾脏白髓的脾小体和中央动脉淋巴套增生 ,淋巴细胞增多 ,红髓的脾窦和髓索轻度充血 ;肺脏血管充血 ;肾小球血管丛轻度充血 ,近曲肾小球上皮细胞肿胀 ,管腔狭窄或空气堵塞等。     

基于Web的计算机公共课辅助教学系统研究与应用

针对高校计算机公共课教学面临的机遇和挑战,阐述了基于Web的计算机公共课网络辅助教学系统总体思想,详细说明了自主学习、检测训练、答疑探究和师生互动等4个模块的主要功能,在此基础上介绍了教学资源数据库的组成、系统的设计结构和关键技术,并对系统的应用前景做了展望．     

优质抗病滇型杂交粳稻滇杂32的选育与应用

滇型杂交粳稻组合滇杂32是用育性稳定的滇Ⅰ型不育系黎榆A和优质抗病恢复系南34组配育成，具有杂种优势强、丰产性好、米质优、抗稻瘟病、适应性广等特点。2002年7月通过云南省农作物品种审定。介绍了该组合的选育过程、特征特性、栽培及制种技术。     

Long-term changes in concentration and deposition of atmospheric mercury over Scandinavia

Samples for measurements of total gaseous mercury (Hg) in air have been collected since 1980 in south-western part of Scandinavia. A collection program for precipitation samples used to determine changes in depositional fluxes of total Hg has been in operation since 1987. A comparison of today's total gaseous Hg levels in air and the total Hg concentrations in precipitation with the ones found earlier, shows a clear decrease with time. At the Swedish west-coast, yearly average air concentrations and median levels of 3.3 and 3.1 (1980–1984), 3.2 and 2.8 (1985–1989), and 2.7 and 2.6 ng Hg/m³ (1990–1992), respectively, were found. Increased average and median winter concentrations were always found, with levels at 3.7 and 3.4, 3.7 and 3.3, and 3.0 and 2.7 ng Hg/m³ for the respective time period. Higher winter values were expected due to increased anthropogenic emissions and changes in the mixing height of the atmosphere. The corresponding total wet deposition rates decreased from 27 (1987–1989) to 10 μg Hg/m² yr. (1990–1992). A finding of special interest was the decreased number of episodic events of high total gaseous Hg levels in air, from 1990 and further on. In addition, the frequency distribution of the concentrations of Hg in air seems to be different for these years compared to the other two time periods. A frequency distribution of air concentrations of Hg more resembling a normal distribution was found for the years 1990 to 1992. The decrease of the atmospheric burden of total gaseous Hg and deposition of total Hg are most probably connected to lower emissions in source areas on the European continent. It seems logical to state that the problem of high Hg depositional fluxes to Scandinavia, is best solved by abatement strategies on the regional scale.     

小麦 TaFer A1基因抗旱相关分子标记的开发

铁结合蛋白(Ferritin,Fer)参与干旱胁迫应答反应,开发Fer基因抗旱相关的分子标记可为抗旱小麦品种选育提供依据。本研究依据2个强抗旱性和2个弱抗旱性小麦品种1A染色体上铁结合蛋白基因(TaFer-A1)序列的差异,开发TaFer-A1基因抗旱相关的分子标记,用150份萌发期抗旱性不同的小麦品种(系)对标记的有效性进行验证。克隆序列比对发现,TaFer-A1基因在4份抗旱性极端品种间仅存在7个变异位点,包括6个SNP位点和1个3bp碱基Del/Ins位点,其中仅在基因第1个内含子区域的3个连续碱基TCT的Del/Ins位点变异与4份品种抗旱性的表型相对应,而其余6个SNP位点在强与弱抗旱性品种之间随机发生。根据两组抗旱性极端品种间TCT碱基的差异,设计1对引物开发出了分子标记FerA1i-ntr1。该分子标记在2个强抗旱性品种中扩增出了167bp特异性条带,定名为TaFer-A1a等位变异;在2个弱抗旱性品种中扩增出了170bp特异性条带,定名为TaFer-A1b等位变异,表明FerA1i-ntr1为共显性标记。在分子标记FerA1i-ntr1检测的150份小麦品种(系)中,有73份被检测为TaFer-A1a等位变异类型,平均相对发芽率为70.1%;77份被检测为TaFer-A1b等位变异类型,平均相对发芽率为55.1%。TaFer-A1a等位变异类型品种(系)的平均相对发芽率极显著高于TaFer-A1b等位变异类型的(P<0.01),说明该共显性标记FerA1-intr1可用于小麦抗旱性的鉴定和筛选,也表明TaFer-A1基因与小麦抗旱性有关。     

不同氮磷钾施肥量对烤烟农艺性状及养分吸收的影响

研究氮磷钾用量对烟草生长和叶片养分吸收的影响,大田试验结果表明,不同水平的N、P、K施肥量明显影响烟株的长势,影响程度N>K>P,综合考虑产量和上等烟比例,以施肥量N 112.5 kg/hm2、P2O5112.46 kg/hm2、K2O 269.84 kg/hm2的N2P2K2处理最好,某种元素不足或过量都会降低上等烟比例。施用适量的氮有利于烤烟中N和K的吸收,而过量50%的N3水平的氮使烟草钾含量降低了11%。磷浓度过高或过低都会降低N和K的积累。增施K肥有利于N和K的积累,其中钾含量最高增长幅度可达37%。随着氮用量增加,上等级烟氮肥农学利用率呈直线下降的趋势,而磷、钾农学利用率在一定氮磷钾用量范围内增加。     

不同天气条件下温室番茄栽培环境因子的变化特征研究

[目的]研究南疆干旱气候区春季沙尘频发期,不同天气条件下温室内番茄栽培环境因子变化特征,为合理调控戈壁温室内环境因子,指导温室番茄生产提供依据.[方法]采用无线远程环境监控系统监测典型的晴天、多云和沙尘天气温室内温度、湿度、光照、土壤温度的日变化,对温室内环境因子变化特征进行分析.[结果]温度和光照强度日变化在晴天呈明显的“双波峰型”曲线,多云、沙尘天气则呈“单波峰型”,三种天气条件下气温、土壤温度变化均能达到番茄生长发育的适宜温度范围.晴天、多云天气光照强度完全达到番茄生长发育光强的需求,沙尘天气对温室内光强影响较大,日最高光强为29.3 Klx.晴天天气湿度早晚下降的幅度远比沙尘、多云天气小,其变化范围在26.2;～61.1;,沙尘天气湿度下降相对滞后.[结论]南疆早春茬沙尘频发期气温、土壤温度变化均能满足番茄生长发育的适宜温度.沙尘天气通风应使降湿与保温互相兼顾,及时清除棚膜上的尘土,改善温室内光照条件.晴天及时通风降温降湿.