区域土地利用结构的碳效应评估及低碳优化

区域土地利用是引起碳排放的重要因素,土地利用结构优化能在一定程度改变土地利用的碳源/汇格局,并引导区域经济社会的低碳发展。基于线性规划方法,该文建立了区域土地利用碳效应综合评估及优化调控的方法,并以南京市为例,提出了3种土地利用低碳优化方案,并对其碳减排潜力进行了对比分析及蒙特卡洛模拟,最后提出了低碳土地利用优化的政策建议。结果发现,2020年南京市土地利用总体规划方案使区域的总碳蓄积量有所提升,但预期碳排放远远大于碳蓄积的增加值,同时也将会导致生态系统碳汇能力的降低;在3种优化方案中,基于碳排放最小化的土地利用结构优化方案比2020年规划方案的碳排放减少了73.75万 t,碳减排潜力为8.50%,表明该方案起到了较好的预期减排效果;因此,该文建议将基于碳排放最小化的土地利用结构优化方案作为南京市未来土地结构调整和产业规划的参考,该方案不仅有助于实现碳减排的目标,而且对于控制建设用地的过快增长、增加生产性土地面积、引导农地整理和居民点用地整理等土地利用规划和开发活动都具有重要的现实意义。     

Soil chronosequence and biosequence on old lake sediments of the Burdur Lake in Turkey

The Burdur Lake is located in the southwest of Turkey, and its area has decreased by 40% from 211 km² in 1975 to 126 km² in 2019. In this study, we investigated how the soil has changed in the lacustrine material. Three soil profiles were sampled from the former lakebed (chronosequence profiles: P1, 2007; P2, 1994; and P3, 1975), and three soil profiles under different land use types (biosequence profiles: P4, native forest vegetation; P5, agriculture; and P6, lakebed) were sampled. The chronosequence and biosequence soil profiles represented various distances from the Burdur Lake and showed different stages of lacustrine evolution. Soil electrical conductivity (EC; 18.1 to 0.4 dS m_-1), exchangeable Na⁺ (34.7 to 1.4 cmol kg^-1) and K⁺ (0.61 to 0.56 cmol kg^-1), and water-soluble Cl^- (70.3 to 2.1 cmol L^-1) and SO₄^2- (275.9 to 25.0 cmol L^-1) decreased with increasing distance from the Burdur Lake, whereas the A horizon thickness (10 to 48 cm), structure formation (0 to 48 cm), gleization-oxidation depth (0 to 79 cm), and montmorillonite and organic matter (OM; 25.9 to 46.0 g kg^-1) contents increased in the chronosequence soil profiles. The formation of P3 in the chronosequence and P5 in the biosequence soil profiles increased due to longer exposure to pedogenic processes (time, land use, vegetation, etc.). Changes in EC, exchangeable cation (Na⁺ and K⁺) and water-soluble anion (Cl^- and SO₄^2-) concentrations of the salt-enriched horizon, OM, gleization-oxidation depth, A horizon thickness, and structure formation of the chronosequence and biosequence soil profiles (especially the topsoil horizon) were highly related to the distance from the Burdur Lake, time, and land use.     

采后硅酸钠处理对贮藏期兰州“大接杏”果实品质和挥发性风味物质的影响

本文以兰州“大接杏”（Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. cv. Lanzhou Dajie）为试材,使用硅酸钠（10 mM）化学诱抗处理,以探讨其对杏果实品质,特别是挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,硅酸钠处理可延缓果实硬度、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物（SSC）和Vc含量的下降,但对果实总糖含量的影响不显著。采用固相微萃取（SPME）结合气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）的方法分离鉴定了“大接杏”果实的香气成份,共分离鉴定出超过100多种挥发性成份。硅酸钠处理样挥发性物质的释放总量低于对照,同时处理后的杏果还表现出醛类物质、萜类物质和β-紫罗兰酮的释放增大和脂类物质的释放减少的现象。     

乙醇-磷酸预处理对稻草酶解糖化的影响

为了提高制生物质酒精时稻草酶解糖化率,该文采用常温常压乙醇-磷酸预处理稻草。研究了预处理温度、乙醇体积分数、预处理时间对稻草糖化率的影响以及最优条件下的回用乙醇-磷酸预处理稻草糖化效果。结果表明,在50℃、乙醇体积分数50%、处理时间60?min条件下,稻草酶解糖化率从10.03%提高到57.75%。回用乙醇-磷酸预处理后稻草糖化率达到56.89%,与乙醇-磷酸预处理后糖化率相接紧,可减少蒸馏回收乙醇次数,降低能量消耗,节省运行费用。对比预处理前后稻草物理和化学性质的变化表明,乙醇-磷酸预处理使稻草的晶状结构遭到破坏、孔隙度增加、比表面增大,易于被微生物或酶酶解。乙醇-磷酸预处理后的过滤液容易通过蒸馏、离心、过滤等方式分离得出乙醇、木质素、磷酸等有用原料。该研究提供了一种温和条件下可运用于循环生产的稻草预处理方法。     

乙醇柴油发动机的颗粒排放及其热解动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对柴油机燃用0#柴油和乙醇柴油排放的颗粒进行热重及其动力学分析。研究表明,柴油中添加乙醇有助于降低柴油机的颗粒排放。通过颗粒的热重分析得出,颗粒氧化过程主要发生水分挥发、可溶性物质氧化和固体碳氧化3个过程,其中,固体碳约占颗粒总量的70%,可溶性有机物约占颗粒总量的25%。通过Coats-Redfern法对颗粒热重数据进行动力学计算分析,得出柴油机燃用0#柴油的颗粒的活化能为130.3 kJ/mol,燃用乙醇柴油的颗粒的热解活化能为122.9 kJ/mol,两拟合曲线的线性回归系数均大于0.99。为开发高效的颗粒催化剂及柴油机颗粒捕集器选择适当的可再生技术提供理论依据。     

Exploiting natural genetic diversity and mutant resources of Arabidopsis thaliana to study the A. thaliana–Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction

Clubroot, caused by the obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron., is one of the most damaging diseases of Brassica crops in the world. Because the pathogen can infect all the Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana, possible advantages have been found by identifying sources of resistance to P. brassicae in this model plant. Fifty‐seven ecotypes of A. thaliana, including the INRA Arabidopsis core collection, were assessed for resistance to clubroot disease. Ecotypes Burren (Bur‐0), Tsu (Tsu‐0) and Kaunas (Kn − 0) were identified as partially resistant to P. brassicae isolates eH and/or Ms6. Fifteen Arabidopsis mutant lines known for certain physiological processes potentially involved in the host‐pathogen interaction were evaluated for their resistance/susceptibility to P. brassicae. Mutant axr3‐1 appeared to be less susceptible than the wild type Columbia, supporting the hypothesis of the involvement of the auxin pathway in the development of clubs.     

Molecular mapping determines that Hessian fly resistance gene H9 is located on chromosome 1A of wheat

Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] is one of the major insect pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Hessian fly resistance gene H9 was previously reported to condition resistance to Hessian fly biotype L that is prevalent in many wheat‐growing areas of eastern USA and an RAPD marker, OPO05₁₀₀₀, linked to H9 in wheat was developed using wheat near‐isogenic lines (NILs). However, marker‐assisted selection (MAS) with RAPD markers is not always feasible. One of the objectives in this study was to convert an RAPD marker linked to the gene H9 into a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker to facilitate MAS and to map H9 in the wheat genome. The RAPD fragment from OPO05₁₀₀₀ was cloned, sequenced, and converted into a SCAR marker SOPO05₉₀₉, whose linkage relationship with H9 was subsequently confirmed in two F₂ populations segregating for H9. Linkage analysis identified one sequence tagged site (STS) marker, STS‐Pm3, and the eight microsatellite markers Xbarc263, Xcfa2153, Xpsp2999, Xgwm136, Xgdm33, Xcnl76, Xcnl117 and Xwmc24 near the H9 locus on the distal region of the short arm of chromosome 1A, contrary to the previously reported location of H9 on chromosome 5A. Locus Xbarc263 was 1.2 cM distal to H9, which itself was 1.7 cM proximal to loci Xcfa2153, Xpsp2999 and Xgwm136. The loci Xgwm136, Xcfa2153 and SOPO05₉₀₉ were shown to be specific to H9 and not diagnostic to several other Hessian fly resistance genes, and therefore should be useful for pyramiding H9 with other Hessian fly resistance genes in a single genotype.     

Modified full-sib selection and best linear unbiased prediction of progeny performance in a European F2 maize population

Four cycles of modified recurrent full‐sib (FS) selection were conducted in an intermated F₂ population of European flint maize. The objectives of our study were to monitor trends across selection cycles in the estimates of population mean, inbreeding coefficients and variance components, and to investigate the usefulness of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of progeny performance under the recurrent FS selection scheme applied. We used a selection rate of 25% for a selection index, based on grain yield and dry matter content. A pseudo‐factorial mating scheme was used for recombination. In this scheme, the selected FS families were divided into an upper‐ranking group of parents mated to the lower‐ranking group. Variance components were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Average grain yield increased 1.2 t/ha per cycle, average grain moisture decreased 20.1 g/kg per cycle, and the selection index relative to the F₂ check entries decreased 0.3% per cycle. For a more precise calculation of selection response, the four cycles should be tested together in multi‐environmental trials. We observed a significant decrease in additive variance in the selection index, suggesting smaller future selection response. Predictions of FS family performance in Cn + 1 based on mean performance of parental FS families in Cn were of equal precision as those based on the mean additive genetic BLUP of their parents, and corresponding correlations were of moderate size for grain moisture and selection index.     

城市公园土壤和植被：自然和人为因子的影响

Various soil surface components, such as trees, shrubs and biological crusts, and human recreational activities, e.g., barbecues and trampling by visitors, may divide the area of the urban park into smaller fragments/microenvironments, differentiated by their microenvironmental conditions, which may differ in soil and vegetation characteristics. The spatial changes in the soil and vegetation characteristics and their causes were investigated in an urban park located south of Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Israel. The area of the park is 0.5 km², including groves, a lake, lawns, and rest areas. Soil was sampled in nine microenvironments, of which seven were within the park: under Ceratonia siliqua trees (CsU), under Ficus sycomorus trees (FiU), rest area between tables under F. sycomorus (FiB), rest area under tables under F. sycomorus (FiT), open area with bare soil (OaS), open area with biological crust cover (OaC), and open area covered by herbaceous vegetation (OaV). Two more microenvironments, planar and sloping open areas (CoP and CoS, respectively) in the vicinity of the park, were used as the controls. Electrical conductivity, concentrations of soluble ions (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and HCO₃^-), pH, contents of organic carbon, calcium carbonate and moisture, and grain size distribution were determined. In addition, herbaceous vegetation cover, number and diversity of herbaceous vegetation species were measured. It was found that soil properties and herbaceous vegetation characteristics varied within the park. Soil organic carbon, electrical conductivity, soluble salts, penetration depth, and vegetation characteristics were affected by human activities, mainly in the rest area between the tables. In contrast, the above characteristics were affected by natural factors mainly in the rest of the microenvironments, which were subjected to low levels of anthropogenic intervention. The heterogeneous structure of the park, as represented by the various microenvironments, offered new habitats and promoted the preservation of natural vegetation.     

南京周边地区古砂砾层土壤和岩石形成的数学分析

Research samples were taken from an ancient gravel stratum which is not only a representative soil layer along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China ,but also one of the primary Neozoic strata in Nanjing district.Located mostly on the second and third terraces,the ancient gravel strata formed the geomorphic landscapes of terrace and step.They were complex in constitution,varied widely in stability,of multiple sources,locally derived ,and associated with braided streams in the deposition environment ,A CIPW(Cross,Iddings,Pirsson and Washington) method modified by the author was used to analyze the soil-rock-forming materials of finer grains(less than 2 mm in size) of the ancient gravel stratum.Results of the analysis showed that the sandy grains were composed of apatite,ilmenite,potassium feldspar,plagioclase,enstatite and free quartz,the clay mainly of kaolinite,and the cement of a combination of silicon,aluminum and iron at a ratiof of 46:44:10.In the soil-rock-forming processes, including compactional solidifiation,water-stable illuviation-cementation,homogneous overgrowth and so on,the loose soil-rock-forming components gradually changed into consolidated soil and further to the early stage of lithification.Meanvwhile,from ,the analysis,we found that the ancient gravel stratum had been protected by overlying Xiashu loess or basalt and the overloading resulted in overconsolidated strata ,The modified CIPW method was applicale and effective for semi-quantitative analysis.