土壤水分胁迫对抗旱性小麦水分状况 光合及产量的影响

随着土壤水分胁迫的加剧,两个小麦品种叶片的水势、相对含水量降低;渗透调节能力增强;气孔阻力上升;光合速率和籽粒产量下降。孕穗期昌乐5号的水势和相对含水量高于秦麦3号,而其余生育期则为秦麦3号高于昌乐5号.两个品种在孕穗期和灌浆期渗透调节能力较强,秦麦3号的渗透调节能力大于昌乐5号。轻度胁迫对光合影响较小,中度和重度胁迫光合速率大幅度下降。气孔阻力上升与光合速率下降并不十分相吻合。轻度胁迫下昌乐5号能维持较高的产量,而重度胁迫秦麦3号的产量则比昌乐5号高。     

施氮量对不同品种春玉米穗位叶蔗糖合成的影响

以高淀粉玉米、糯玉米和甜玉米为试验材料,研究了氮肥施用量对春玉米穗位叶蔗糖合成的影响。结果表明,春玉米穗位叶的蔗糖含量、光合速率以吐丝后7d最高,随灌浆进程的推进,呈逐渐降低的趋势,氮肥处理之间差异明显,不同品种对氮素反应不同。磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性与光合速率变化基本一致。春玉米吐丝后穗位叶中蔗糖合成酶活性呈单峰曲线变化,在吐丝后28d活性最高(但各品种N0处理在吐丝后21d活性最高),35d以后迅速下降。品种间存在差异。     

不同水势环境对大豆种子活力的影响

试验用7种浓度的PEG溶液来创造大豆种子吸水的不同水势环境。结果表明:种子在低渗透势溶液中缓慢吸水比在清水中快速吸水,其发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数都明显提高,田间出苗率达极显著差异,同时提高幼苗干重、鲜重。大豆种子在-1.1860MPa的PEG溶液中吸水48小时,种子活力提高。     

运输时间和温度对生猪应激和猪肉品质的影响

为了研究运输时间和温度对生猪应激及猪肉品质的影响,该文以三元杂交猪杜长大为研究对象,测定了运输前、运输3、6、9h以及运输温度-10~0℃、0~10℃、10~20℃、20~30℃等条件下生猪的血液生化指标、宰后猪肉p H值、肉色等指标。结果表明:运输6 h后三元猪出现应激反应,9 h以后应激反应显著增强(P0.05),运输6 h以上三元猪与运输3 h相比,宰后45 min p H值显著降低(P0.05),肉色分级显著升高(P0.05),肉品质降低;运输温度低于10℃时三元猪出现应激反应,-10~0℃时应激反应显著增强(P0.05),-10~0℃和20~30℃条件下宰后24 h p H值显著高于0~10℃和10~20℃(P0.05),肉品质降低。因此,为防止生猪运输应激及改善猪肉品质,生猪运输时间应小于6 h,运输温度为10~20℃。该研究结果对屠宰行业减少生猪应激提高猪肉品质提供参考。     

有机无机氮肥配施对土壤氮淋失及油麦菜生长的影响

利用网室盆栽试验,研究了相同施氮量不同有机无机氮配施比例：0∶4、1∶3、1∶1、3∶1和4∶0对油麦菜产量及土壤氮淋失的影响。结果表明,0∶4配比（单施无机氮肥）处理土壤渗虑液pH值最低,而总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮淋失量最高,分别为926.6、648.3和194.7mg;配施有机肥能够显著提高渗滤液pH值和增加油麦菜产量,同时降低土壤氮淋失量,且随有机肥配施量增加,土壤氮淋失量下降明显,而1∶1有机无机氮配比处理油麦菜产量最高;硝态氮是土壤主要的氮淋失形态;油麦菜移栽第5 d和第18 d是土壤总氮、硝态氮淋失高峰期,且无机氮肥追施能够增加总氮、硝态氮的淋失量;土壤铵态氮淋失量随油麦菜生长总体上呈下降趋势。从兼顾油麦菜产量和减轻氮对环境污染两个角度考虑,有机无机氮1∶1的用量配比较佳。     

基于ITS和trnL-F序列的具有优良性状蕉类资源的遗传结构分析

为了构建广西具有优良性状的蕉类遗传结构,本研究收集了广西7个不同地理来源的5大种类具有优良性状的蕉类资源,利用PCR技术将这些蕉类资源细胞核DNA的ITS序列及叶绿体DNA的trnL-F序列进行扩增和测序,并对测序所获得的序列进行STRUCTURE分类、PCoA排序、AMOVA分析、群体遗传分化(F_ST指数)及基于NJ树和UPGMA树的聚类分析,进一步研究蕉类资源遗传变异分布和遗传变异水平。STRUCTURE结果显示:当K=2时,Delta K出现了最高的峰值,即将个体分为2个类别最合适,大蕉中的多数和野蕉中的少数可归为第一类,所有粉蕉、鸡蕉、香蕉和大多数的野蕉归为第二类。PCoA排序图显示粉蕉虽然个体数量较多,但是遗传多样性较低,而大蕉和野蕉具有较高的多样性。AMOVA分析表明遗传变异主要存在于群体内的个体间,方差占总和的63.088%,品种间的遗传变异大于品种内群体间的遗传变异,方差分别占总和的27.676%和9.236%。遗传分化非常大(F_ST>0.25)且P<0.05的群体绝大多数在不同蕉类型之间。NJ树和UPGMA树同样显示不同蕉类型之间的群体遗传距离较远。以上结果表明野蕉存在的历史最久,积累了大量的遗传变异;在人工杂交育种时,不同蕉之间的交配可能产生更多的具有遗传多样性的后代;具有育种潜力性状的粉蕉分布在遗传关系非常近的一个群体内,今后的资源收集时应该更加注重对某个粉蕉群体的详尽调查以发现更多的可利用性状。研究结果有助于对广西具有优良性状的蕉类资源的蕴藏状况和遗传潜力进行评估,为进一步的育种学应用奠定基础。     

采用改进YOLOv5的蕉穗识别及其底部果轴定位

为提高香蕉采摘机器人的作业效率和质量,实现机器人末端承接机构的精确定位,该研究提出一种基于YOLOv5算法的蕉穗识别,并对蕉穗底部果轴进行定位的方法。将CA（Coordinate Attention）注意力机制融合到主干网络中,同时将C3（Concentrated-Comprehensive Convolution Block）特征提取模块与CA注意力机制模块融合构成C3CA模块,以此增强蕉穗特征信息的提取。用 EIoU（Efficient Intersection over Union）损失对原损失函数CIoU（Complete Intersection over Union）进行替换,加快模型收敛并降低损失值。通过改进预测目标框回归公式获取试验所需定位点,并对该点的相机坐标系进行转换求解出三维坐标。采用D435i深度相机对蕉穗底部果轴进行定位试验。识别试验表明,与YOLOv5、Faster R-CNN等模型相比,改进YOLOv5模型的平均精度值（mean Average Precision, mAP）分别提升了0.17和21.26个百分点;定位试验表明,采用改进YOLOv5模型对蕉穗底部果轴定位误差均值和误差比均值分别为0.063 m和2.992%,与YOLOv5和Faster R-CNN模型相比,定位误差均值和误差比均值分别降低了0.022 m和1.173%,0.105 m和5.054%。试验实时可视化结果表明,改进模型能对果园环境下蕉穗进行快速识别和定位,保证作业质量,为后续水果采摘机器人的研究奠定了基础。     

Fate of heavy metals and bacterial community composition following biogas slurry application in a single rice cropping system

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Biogas slurry (BS) is widely used as a valuable fertilizer for crop production. However, little is known about the effects of long-term BS application on potential...     

A novel amended nitrification inhibitor confers an enhanced suppression role in the nitrification of ammonium in soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Nitrification inhibitor plays an important regulatory role in inhibiting the nitrification of ammonium in soils. However, most of nitrification inhibitors lack the...     

Effect of oxidation on the release of multiple metals from industrially polluted sediments and synchrotron-based evidence of Cu–S dynamic association

Purpose

Disposal operations for industrially polluted sediments are usually accompanied by disturbance and resuspension, which can induce metal remobilization and secondary pollution. Evaluating the risk of metal release under various redox conditions is fundamental for predicting contaminant mobilization and guiding remediation measures.

Methods

An abandoned oxidation pond, Yanjia Lake, China, was selected as a typical industrially polluted site. Re-suspension experiments were carried out by mixing polluted sediments with lake water under oxic or anoxic conditions, then investigating the effect of oxidation conditions on the release of multiple metals. Metal concentrations and aqueous chemistry in the overlying water were monitored. Synchrotron-based methods, including X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), were used to characterize oxidation states and coordination conditions of metals in sediments.

Results

The release of metals, including Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Sn, Cd, and Pb, was enhanced under oxic vs. anoxic conditions. The XANES analysis revealed that elevated Cr and Zn concentrations under oxic conditions likely resulted from the oxidation of Cr(III) and oxidizing dissolution of ZnS, respectively. K-edge Cu XANES, S XANES, and Cu EXAFS analyses reconstructed the Cu–S association, indicating that S-related oxidation promoted Cu release and Cu–O partly replaced Cu–S in the sediment after a 7-day oxic treatment.

Conclusion

The release of most metals was promoted under oxic conditions, resulting from the oxidation of sulfides and metals as indicated by aqueous and synchrotron-based evidence. The risk of secondary pollution is greatly enhanced under oxic conditions, which suggests that measures should be taken to minimize the redox disturbance during sediment remediation. This information can guide the management of sediments in Yanjia Lake and other contaminated sites with similar properties.