柱状苹果树生长生理与蒸散特征对水分的响应研究

通过研究不同灌水量和地表覆膜条件对柱状苹果树的生长生理及蒸散特征的综合影响,探寻适合苹果树生长且水分利用效率高的灌水量和保水措施。通过遮雨棚下可称量式蒸渗桶试验,设置4个灌水水平:60%ETC(W1)、80%ETC(W2)、100%ETC(W3)和120%ETC(W4);地表覆膜处理分别为有覆盖(M)和无覆盖(NM),分析柱状苹果树的干物质量、光合速率、蒸腾速率和阶段耗水情况对不同灌水量和地表覆盖条件的响应规律。结果表明,干物质量随灌水量增加而增加,且M处理可促进干物质量的积累;净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均随着灌水量的增加而升高。不同生育期净光合速率和蒸腾速率由大到小依次均为:果实膨大期、果实成熟期、开花座果期、叶变期。相同灌水量和地表覆盖处理条件下,不同时刻净光合速率由大到小依次为10:00、13:00、08:00,蒸腾速率由大到小依次为13:00、10:00、08:00,气孔导度由大到小依次为10:00、08:00、13:00。瞬时水分利用效率(LWUE)最大值和最小值分别出现在W2处理10:00(4.52μmol/mmol)和W4处理13:00(2.62μmol/mmol);全生育期总蒸散量随着灌水量增加而增加,NM处理较M处理增加11.02%~16.35%。开花座果期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期和叶变期的耗水强度分别为3.29~4.36 mm/d、2.40~4.85 mm/d、0.83~1.79 mm/d和0.77~1.53 mm/d,耗水模数分别为19.34%~27.40%、55.99%~61.41%、8.62%~12.63%和5.85%~7.24%。最终得出120%ETC灌水量和地表覆膜条件有利于改善柱状苹果树的生长和生理状况,但80%ETC处理水分利用效率最高。地表覆膜不仅促进苹果树生长而且降低了土壤蒸发量,具有一定的保水作用。因此,MW2处理为相对节水的灌溉模式。     

考虑雷诺数和形状影响的坝岸根石水平水流拖曳力系数修正

对于水利工程坝岸散抛根石冲揭失稳,水流作用下根石的拖曳力是重要的力学分析参数。该文基于黄河坝岸散抛根石的形状参数特征,利用水槽试验量测球体及不同形状块体受水流作用的水平拖曳力,研究雷诺数、物体形状指标与拖曳力相关关系及变化规律,明确影响因素,率定双因素影响下块体的拖曳力系数函数。结果表明,水下球体或近似球状物体的拖曳力系数,基本不受水流及物体形态影响,拖曳力系数趋于0.40～0.56;有棱角块体的水流拖曳力系数,块体雷诺数小于3×104的影响区域,系数函数呈双曲线趋势变化;块体雷诺数大于3×104的影响区域,迎水面宽高比不大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于0.80～0.90,迎水面宽高比大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于1.00～1.10。进一步通过试验修正了水流作用下不同形态物体的水平拖曳力系数,提出了块体雷诺数、形状参数双因素影响下物体水平拖曳力系数函数,得到了以不同物体来流方向投影响面积为基准的水平拖曳计算公式,经拟合公式的合理性分析与验证,拖曳力系数拟合优度达到0.90以上,平均相对误差为8.7%;修正后拖曳力平均相对误差仅为7.5%,公式计算效果良好,更准确地反映散抛根石的水下受力特征,为分析水下抛石受水流冲击离散形态提供理论依据。     

氮素穗肥运筹对两个杂交中籼稻叶片形态、光合生产及产量的影响

【目的】为探究氮素穗肥不同促花肥和保花肥比例对水稻光合生产和产量的影响,并为水稻氮素穗肥管理提供依据,【方法】以株型和产量均存在较大差异的2个杂交中稻品种(德香4103和宜香3724)为材料,在常规施氮量(180 kg/hm2)下,研究了占总氮40%的穗肥不同促花肥和保花肥运筹比例(1∶3,2∶2,3∶1,4∶0)对水稻叶片生长、形态、光合生产及产量的影响。【结果】2个水稻品种均在低促花肥、高保花肥时(1∶3)表现出叶片直立、受光形态好,净光合速率高和群体干物质积累量大的特点,并最终获得较高产量;而在高促花肥、低保花肥下,2个水稻品种的剑叶、倒2叶叶面积和叶角增大,披垂度增加,群体质量变差,结实率和粒重下降,产量降低。德香4103因其颖花量较大,上3叶叶面积和总叶面积相对适宜,粒叶比高,且在不同穗肥运筹下叶面积和叶角变幅较小,因而受光姿态和群体质量更优,干物质积累量更大,产量更高。【结论】水稻氮素穗肥运筹应塑造良好叶片形态和群体质量,并增加花后物质积累量才能有助于产量提高;并对水稻株叶型选育进行了探讨。     

Effect of hydroxyproline supplementation on growth performance,body composition,amino acid profiles,blood‐biochemistry and collagen synthesis of juvenile chu's croaker (Nibea coibor)

Hydroxyproline (Hyp) may play an important role in collagen metabolism, as it is almost exclusively found in collagen. To examine this possibility, a 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded supplementaries of Hyp (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 g/kg dry diet weight) on growth performance, feed utilization, biochemical composition and collagen synthesis of chu's croaker, Nibea coibor (13.6 ± 0.28 g). The growth performance and feed utilization were improved with increased levels of dietary Hyp, reaching a maximum at 5 g/kg (diet H2) followed by a slight decrease. Polynomial regression analysis showed that the maximum specific growth rate (SGR) was attained at 7.177 g/kg dietary Hyp. Increasing levels of Hyp did not affect body composition of juvenile Nibea coibor. However, dietary Hyp supplementation significantly affected the levels of Leu, Ile, Met, Lys, Ser, Glu and Pro in muscle and the levels of Met, Lys, Glu, Pro and Gly in swim bladder. The serum calcium (SC) level decreased significantly with increasing levels of dietary Hyp. However, the triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (T‐CH) levels in serum and liver were relatively stable. Importantly, the acid‐soluble collagen (ASC) and total collagen (TC) levels in swim bladder increased significantly initially and then decreased after reaching a maximum. Polynomial regression analysis revealed that the maximum TC level in swim bladder was attained at 9.736 g/kg of dietary Hyp. Collectively, these results suggest that the appropriate provision of hydroxyproline is essential for maximal collagen synthesis and growth.     

几种杀虫剂对黄曲条跳甲的防治效果

试验结果表明:5%氟虫腈悬浮剂(锐劲特)、48%毒死蜱乳油、2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油、20%敌·氯乳油、45%马拉硫磷乳油,对黄曲条跳甲有较好的防治效果和增产作用,明显好于对照药剂80%敌敌畏乳油,可供生产上推广应用。     

基于RFID与ZigBee的羊场养殖信息管理系统

为了选育性状优良的羊进入核心种群,将RFID射频识别、ZigBee无线通信与ARM嵌入式技术相结合,研制了一套羊场养殖信息管理手持终端。手持终端包括基于S3C6410处理器的ARM核心板、125 kHz RFID阅读器、基于CC2530芯片的ZigBee无线通信模块以及多功能底板。软件开发过程中,构建了包含设备驱动的Linux系统环境,利用Qt/Embedded的信号/槽机制实时接收RFID数据,基于OSAL操作系统的ZigBee2007协议栈实现ARM与ZigBee网络之间的通信,在Qt中设计触摸屏图形界面以及串口通信、通信指令、软键盘、蜂鸣器、中文显示等后台程序,具有日常管理、育种管理及疫病管理等模块功能。现场测试结果表明,手持终端能够实时采集、录入、存储、拷贝、查询养殖信息并通过ZigBee无线网络与上位机通信,可满足羊场信息化管理的需要。     

Effects of phytase pretreatment of soybean meal and phytase-sprayed in diets on growth, apparent digestibility coefficient and nutrient excretion of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

Rainbow trout were fed a diet containing phytase-sprayed and phytase-pretreated soybean meal with different phytase levels. The single factor random block design was used to analyze the effects on rainbow trout of dietary phytase supplementation on growth performance, nutritional ingredient digestibility and nutrient excretion. After 90 days, the results showed that feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly improved and specific growth rate (SGR) was not affected by spraying phytase, but SGR, FCR and PER were not significantly improved by phytase pretreatment. A digestibility trial conducted after the feeding trial showed that apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of diet protein and minerals was increased with phytase supplementation. However, there was a negative effect of phytase on the ADC of lipid. The excretion experiment showed that the supplementation of phytase resulted in decreased nutrient excretion in feces, but lipid excretion was slightly increased with phytase supplementation. In addition, the results of P excretion and ADC of P analyzed by t-test showed that phytase pre-treatment method should be a more rational method than the spraying method. The results of SGR, ADC of P and P excretion analyzed by quadratic regression indicated that 2,000–3,000 U/kg levels by the spraying method could be a rational range of phytase supplementation, and about 1,000 U/kg should be an optimal level by the pretreatment method. Thus, use of phytase in rainbow trout feeds can have economic and environmental benefits.     

Fine roots refilling process in an artificial gap in a Picea mongolica forest

Picea mongolica is an endemic but endangered species in China. The spruce forest is only found in sandy forest-steppe ecotones. In this study, we examined the initial response of the quantity and refilling process of fine roots in an artificial canopy gap with a diameter of 36 m in a P. mongolica forest. Under the canopy, the fine root length densities of trees, shrubs and herbs were 2,622, 864 and 3,086 m·m–2, respectively. The fine root biomass of trees, shrubs and herbs were 148, 62 and 65 g·m–2, respect...     

STUDY OF DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF GRAPHITIZING OF COKE WITH X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD

In the paper, the process of determining the degree of graphiti-zing of metallurgy coke with X-ray diffraction method was discussed. The extrapolation was used in order to obtain the interplanar distance. of (002) crystaloface of metallurgy coke. The finding showed that the dmax. wasn''t 3.44A, butO4.31A. A rational formula which could be used to characterize the degree of gra-phitizing of metallurgy coke was found.