增强天津农业科技自主创新能力的思考与建议

文章通过对天津市农业科技自主创新现状分析,指出存在农业科技创新管理体制不顺、创新基础薄弱、学科结构与产业发展不适应、企业作为自主创新主体还不成熟等问题,并据此提出深化管理体制改革、优化学科结构、建立产学研联盟机制等若干建议。     

不同整枝方式对贝贝南瓜生长、果实特性及产量的影响

为提高贝贝南瓜的种植水平和种植效益,筛选适宜的整枝方式,以不整枝栽培为对照,研究了单蔓、双蔓、三蔓整枝方式对贝贝南瓜的品质及产量的影响。结果表明：采用双蔓整枝、三蔓整枝方式比对照分别提早采收4、3 d,叶片浓绿,长势较好,病虫害发生较少,第1雌花节位低,分别在7.3、7.4节,坐果率分别为97.00%、95.83%,果型大小均匀,平均单果质量分别为0.40、0.38 kg。双蔓整枝方式667 m²产量可达2 502.06 kg,三蔓整枝方式次之,为2 467.5 kg,分别较对照显著提高58.2%、44.1%。生产中建议贝贝南瓜选择双蔓整枝方式为最佳,可促进南瓜早熟,提高坐果率,降低畸形果率,提高产量;三蔓枝可备选。     

美国木材在华销路下滑不畅

美国是日前世界上最大的木材生产国和出口国之一。该国生产的针叶材如花旗忪、黄忪,阔叶材品种如樱桃木、枫木、黑胡桃木、白橡木、红像木、白栓木、白蜡木等等在我国进口材市场上都有出售。但是近年来,美国对我出口的原木和锯材的数量及价值金额都呈萎缩趋势,这一点,     

黑木耳简易设施高产栽培技术要点

以浙江省衢州市常山县志龙家庭农场新昌黑木耳栽培基地为例,简述黑木耳简易设施高产栽培技术要点。其主要技术环节有拌料、装袋、灭菌、冷却、接种、发菌管理、菌棒排场、出耳管理、采收、田间病虫害防治等。     

太空搭载结合离子注入进行白莲诱变育种的研究

3年的试验观察表明 ,离子注入经太空诱变的白莲种子育出的花型由单瓣变为半重瓣、重瓣花 ;花色由红色变成粉红、爪红色 ;莲蓬、莲籽变异出多种形状 ;始蕾期比对照提前 5～2 1d ,末蕾期延迟到 9月下旬 ;单缸现蕾数高达 1 4朵 ,1m2 小区现蕾 2 1朵 ;单株平均每蓬实粒数最多的为 2 1 6粒 ,铁莲子最大粒重达 2 0 2g ,鲜壳莲子最大粒重达 5 0g ,上述性状变异是常规育种方法少见的     

重金属超富集植物龙葵对镉响应的蛋白组学分析

龙葵是典型的重金属超富集植物,但是我们对其重金属耐受和超富集的分子机理仍不完全清楚。为了从蛋白组学层面探究重金属超富集植物龙葵如何响应金属镉,本研究采用双向电泳和MALDI-TOF MS分析方法,鉴定了重金属超富集植物龙葵叶片和根中Cd胁迫下差异表达的蛋白。双向电泳在根和叶片中分别至少得到927和1 025个蛋白点,其中Cd胁迫下差异表达的蛋白点在根中有45个,叶片中有57个。采用MALDITOF MS分析,在根和叶片中分别鉴定了9个和12个蛋白点,分别代表了9个和6个差异表达的蛋白。生物信息学分析表明,这些蛋白涉及到激素合成、防御响应、能量代谢和细胞结构等。这些结果为进一步揭示重金属超富集植物龙葵响应Cd胁迫的分子调节机制,以及为通过现代生物技术手段进行重金属污染的植物修复提供了理论依据。     

滇西陇川县耕地土壤环境质量分析评价

为揭示滇西地区土壤环境质量状况,以陇川县为例,参照《绿色食品产地环境技术条件》,对耕地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾营养元素含量及重金属元素铅、镉、汞、砷、铬、铜总量进行测定分析。采用标准对比法、单因子污染指数法和Nemero综合污染指数法,对其土壤环境质量进行了评价。结果表明,研究区土壤pH值介于3.49~7.45之间,均值为5.05,土壤偏酸;各营养元素平均值中有机质、全氮、速效磷含量为优良,速效钾含量为中等,有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别有64.17%、59.34%、75.33%、71.66%的耕地面积达到生产绿色食品土壤肥力要求,分别有35.83%、40.66%、24.67%、28.34%的面积土壤肥力不足;采用单因子污染指数法对土壤重金属评价,砷、铬、铜处于清洁状态;有20.27%、2.03%、4.73%的样本铅、镉、汞单因子污染指数大于1,所代表的面积受到铅、镉、汞轻度污染,镉有1.35%样本单因子污染指数大于2,所代表的面积受到镉中度污染;综合污染指数评价,4.79%样本达到轻度污染。     

猪、奶牛粪厌氧发酵中Pb的形态转化及其分布特征

畜禽粪便经厌氧发酵后其中的铅（Pb）仍然保留在沼液和沼渣中,阐明此发酵过程中 Pb 的形态转化对沼液和沼渣的后续处理有重要的参考意义。该研究以猪粪和奶牛粪为发酵原料,在中温（37℃±2℃）条件下,采用连续搅拌反应器进行了130 d中试试验,分析了Pb在固相和液相中的分配及其形态转化。研究结果发现：1）与进料相比,猪粪沼液和奶牛粪沼液中总Pb量降低了约70%和19%;2）猪粪沼液和奶牛粪沼液中Pb在液相中的比例为29%和17%,较发酵前降低约17%和58%;3）厌氧发酵后,猪粪沼液中各形态Pb所占比例的大小顺序为：残渣态（35%）>酸溶态/可交换态（34%）>可还原态（24%）>可氧化态（8%）;奶牛粪沼液中为：可还原态（33%）>酸溶态/可交换态（27%）>残渣态（26%）>可氧化态（15%）;4）厌氧发酵后,猪粪沼渣中残渣态和酸溶态/可交换态Pb的比例都极显著增加,奶牛粪沼渣中可氧化态Pb的比例极显著增加。猪粪和奶牛粪厌氧发酵后,适合通过沉淀池或氧化塘削减沼液中的Pb含量;但沼渣中Pb的浓度较大且化学形态发生显著变化,建议还田前进行重金属钝化处理。     

Assessment of intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China

OBJECTIVES: To assess the intake inadequacy and food sources of zinc of people in China. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Diets of 68 962 subjects aged 2-101 years (urban 21 103, rural 47,859) in the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analysed. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour recall for three consecutive days. Zinc intake inadequacy was calculated based on values suggested by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: The median zinc intake ranged from 4.9 mg day- 1 (urban girls, 2-3 years) to 11.9 mg day-1 (rural males, 19+ years). The zinc density of urban residents (2-3 to 19+ years) was 5.0-5.3 mg day-1 (1000 kcal)-1, significantly higher than that of their rural counterparts (4.7-4.8 mg day-1 (1000 kcal)-1). Differences in food sources of zinc from cereal grains (27.4-45.1 vs. 51.6-63.2%) and animal foods (28.4-54.8 vs. 16.8-30.6%) were found between urban and rural residents. Zinc from vegetables and fruits (8.2-13.8 vs. 9.7-12.4%) and legumes (1.3-3.3 vs. 2.5-3.4%) was comparable between urban and rural residents. The proportion of zinc intake inadequacy ranged between 2.8% (urban females, 19+ years) and 29.4% (rural lactating women). Rural residents had higher proportions of zinc intake inadequacy than their urban counterparts. Significantly higher proportions of zinc inadequacy were found in the category of phytate/zinc molar ratio >15 for both rural and urban residents. CONCLUSIONS: About 20% of rural children are at risk of inadequate zinc intake, with phytate as a potential important inhibitor. Moreover, lactating women are also considered a vulnerable group.     

Aerobic soil metabolism of a new herbicide,LGC-42153

To elucidate the fate of a new sulfonylurea herbicide, LGC-42153 [N-((4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl)-2-(1-methoxyacetoxy-2-fluoropropyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide], in soil, an aerobic soil metabolism study was carried out for 120 days with [(14)C]LGC-42153 applied to a loamy soil. The material balance ranged from 90.7 to 101.5% of applied herbicide. The half-life of [(14)C]LGC-42153 was calculated to be approximately 9.0 days. The degradation products resulted from the cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge. The metabolites identified during the study were N-((4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl)-2-(1-hydroxy-2-fluoropropyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide, 2-(1-hydroxy-2-fluoropropyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamide, and 4,6-dimethoxy-2-aminopyrimidine. No significant volatile products or [(14)C]carbon dioxide was observed during the study. Nonextractable (14)C-residue reached 14.4-30.5% of applied material at 120 days after treatment, and radioactivity was distributed mostly in the humin and fulvic acid fractions.