Surface area processing in GIS for different mountain regions

Surface area is a fundamental parameter derived from terrain analysis in geographical information systems (GIS) for modeling the real world. Therefore, an evaluation of the techniques implemented by GIS models is important in order to obtain reliable area measurements. The study compares two raster-based methods with a TIN-based (triangulated irregular network) method for surface area approximation using a digital elevation model (DEM) with 25 m × 25 m resolution in six mountain regions of Shandong Province, China. Raster-based method Ⅰ calculates surface-area grids from DEMs directly. Eight 3-dimensional triangles connecting the center point of each cell with the center points of the eight surrounding cells are generated and then the areas of the portions of each triangle that lay within the cell boundary are calculated and summed. Raster-based method Ⅱ produces the surface area of each cell directly from the pixel size and the slope value for the pixel. The results demonstrate that the surface areas calculated by raster-based method Ⅰ are equal to those of the TIN-based method. The results of raster-based method Ⅱ are the lowest but the difference in areas between the two raster-based methods decreases with the decrease in terrain complexity. Compared to the method with TINs, raster-based method Ⅱ can do better because it has some advantages, such as neighborhood analysis, more consistent output and faster processing speed. The results also demonstrate that the difference between surface and horizontal areas should be considered if more than 30% of the area of a region has slopes steeper than 18.2 degrees.     

国土空间背景下的城市绿色空间体系规划研究

国土空间规划是生态文明建设的重要内容,也是国土空间治理体系现代化的基础,探讨在国土空间背景下的绿色空间体系规划、划定严格的空间保护建设等级和严格分类管理,对于国土资源统筹保护和修复具有重要的意义。文章以北京市二道绿隔平原区为研究区域,首先提出适用于二道绿隔地区的绿色空间定义;其次从基质完形、廊道构建和斑块保护3方面构建完整的绿色空间体系;最后综合提出绿色空间体系的优化对策。     

冬季施工过程混凝土控制裂缝的预防措施

在我国寒冷地区,冬季建筑工程施工常常出现质量问题,即易出现混凝土裂缝和钢筋锈蚀等现象.该文有针对性地论述了三种预防措施.     

贵阳地区木兰科观赏植物主要病虫害调查报告

本文记述了贵阳地区观赏木兰科植物上发生的23种主要病虫害种类,包括病害5种,虫害15种。并对木兰科植物病虫害的发生特点及其治理对策进行了总结讨论。     

Determination of drought tolerance using root activities in Robinia pseudoacacia ''Idaho'' transformed with mtl-D gene

Idaho locust (Robinia pseudoacacia 'Idaho') is an exotic multi-purpose tree used in landscaping, soil and water conservation, fodder sources and others. To improve its drought tolerance for reclaiming arid land, five lines of transformed mtl-D gene, as osmotic regulator in plant cells, have been selected and managed to determine their drought tolerance under experimental conditions.Qualitative and quantitative variables of transformed plants were studied. The critical value of drought tolerance was determined by detecting the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reductants in roots and soil water content (SWC). The critical value for drought tolerance was SWC 6% while for the control plants the critical SWC was 8%; a moderate level of SWC is 13% and the highest SWC for plant endurance was 18%. The method proved to be reliable and sensitive in the evaluation of drought tolerance for forest trees.     

甘肃陇南油橄榄产量产能调查分析

对甘肃省陇南市油橄榄主产区武都、文县、宕昌3县(区)100多个挂果橄榄园和9家橄榄油加工企业2010榨季油橄榄鲜果产量及橄榄油加工产能进行了现地调查,分析了存在的主要问题,提出了对策和措施.     

Physiological and related anthocyanin biosynthesis genes responses induced by cadmium stress in a new colored-leaf plant “Quanhong Poplar”

The worsening of Cadmium (Cd) pollution has intensified the urban ecological environment deterioration in the world. Purifying contaminated environment using the tall, colored-leaf woody plants has been proved as an aesthetically pleasing approach. However, the effects of Cd stress on colored-leaf woody plants have been little reported. Present hydroponic experiments were carried out to study the physiological and related anthocyanin biosynthesis genes responses to Cd stress in “Quanhong Poplar” plants. The experiments consisted of four Cd levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 μM). Leaves were sampled at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after the first treatment for detection of related enzyme activities and genes expression. The results showed that the plants treated with 100 or 150 μM Cd presented obvious toxicity symptom, i.e. the inhibition of growth and the decrease of chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents. However, plants growth was enhanced and the synthesis of chlorophyll, anthocyanin were promoted when the plants were subject to 50 μM Cd stress. Furthermore, the activities of relative enzymes as well as their genes expression were induced, which indicated that low concentration of Cd induced the anthocyanin accumulation in “Quanhong Poplar” plants, which suggested that using “Quanhong Poplar” to purify contaminated environment would be an aesthetically pleasing approach, which would not only remediate contaminated environments but also bring landscape effects.     

Light intensity affects the growth and flavonol biosynthesis of Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)

Response of growth and secondary metabolites to light intensity are useful measurements to determine suitable silviculture treatments for the cultivation of medicinal plants. Here, we analyzed the growth, flavonols (total flavonol, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) content, flavonols yield per plant, and expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes in 2-year Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) seedlings at four different light intensities (100, 76, 40, and 25 % of full sunlight) in a greenhouse setting. Across all light intensities, the 76 % sunlight treatment produced the highest growth of total biomass, root, stem, and leaf, indicating negative effects of either fulllight or heavy shading on Ginkgo seedling development. Both flavonols (total flavonol, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) content and expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes [PAL (Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), CHS (Chalcone synthase), F3H (Flavanone 3-hydroxylase), and FLS (Flavonol synthase)] in leaves were highest under 100 % sunlight, suggesting that full sunlight promotes the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes and increases flavonoid biosynthesis. The highest and lowest flavonol contents were found in leaves and stems, respectively. The 76 % sunlight treatment produced the highest flavonols yield while the 100 % sunlight produced the highest flavonoids content in leaves, indicating that flavonol production per unit land area depends not only flavonol content but also biomass. Overall, in order to achieve the highest flavonols yield per area in Ginkgo leaf-harvesting plantations, it is important to manipulate light conditions of field.     

污水处理自动控制的发展历程及趋势

指出了污水处理的控制方式由最早的人工控制,发展到后来的半自动控制,并在自控技术和计算机网络技术的带动下发展为今天的全自动控制水平。但自控技术也存在着诸如间接控制参数测量滞后和仪表设备可靠性不高的问题,于是智能控制应运而生。简述了传统污水处理控制方式的特点和现阶段污水处理自动控制的研究和应用状况,分析了智能控制技术在污水处理领域的发展动态,为研究污水处理节能运行模式提供思路。     

湖南高望界自然保护区野菜资源调查及其开发利用

通过野外调查和民间走访,对高望界自然保护区种子植物野菜资源进行调查与统计,提出该区野菜资源开发和利用存在的问题。初步调查到该区种子植物野菜类共有163种(含变种),隶属54科153属,分别占湘西地区野菜科、属、种总数的42.2%、64.7%和33.6%。其中菊科、蝶形花科等7个大科的种数占总种数的40.49%。春季采食的野菜有130种,秋、夏、冬季的种数分别为48、35、10。叶菜类有128种,茎、根、种子和花类分别为44、15、15和12种;生长在路旁、草地的野菜分别占35.48%和23.23%。科的地理成分中热带性质占27.78%、温带性质占14.81%;属的地理成分中世界分布属占18.30%,温带分布属占53.60%,中国特有分布属占8.5%。小根蒜、鸭儿芹、豆腐柴是当地人们最常食用的特色野菜。根据高望界野菜植物资源的蕴藏量、开发利用价值及利用现状,提出了开发利用的建议。高望界野菜资源丰富,对其合理地开发利用有利当地的经济发展。