行业特色型高校创建一流本科教学的探索

本科教学是高校发展的基石,创建行业特色型高校一流本科教学,培育行业一流人才,对攸关国家战略需求的重点行业发展具有无可替代的支撑作用。立足于行业特色型高校"服务行业,彰显特色,引领发展"的长远目标,结合"特色+目标""特色+内涵""特色+举措"三大方面,研究分析创建一流本科教学的努力方向、建设内涵,并以河海大学为例提出特色举措,共同探寻行业特色型高校如何创建一流本科教学。     

药剂诱导苎麻孤雌生殖纯系培育

以湘苎１～５号和镇宁苎麻等１３个品种为材料，以不同种类、浓度和配方的药剂诱导产生５５份孤雌生殖结实种子（ＧＳ１），将部分ＧＳ１植株隔离自交种子育苗，实得２８个自交系，根据叶形、叶缘锯齿、叶柄色和雌花色等１０个形态性状的一致性，从中选择４个纯系，还从ＧＳ１和ＧＳ２群体中获得若干雄性不育材料，为苎麻遗传育种研究提供了物质基础。     

Characteristics and factors controlling the development of ephemeral gullies in cultivated catchments of black soil region, Northeast China

Ephemeral gully erosion is an important process in the black soil region, Northeast China and can be responsible for severe damage to agricultural lands. However, little research on gully formation in this area has been published. The study described in this paper attempted to quantify soil losses, the spatial distribution and morphology of the gullies, and the factors that control their development. Ephemeral gullies were measured in spring and summer of 2005 in two small catchments. The critical periods for ephemeral gully formation were late spring and summer in the study area. Mean soil losses due to ephemeral gully erosion were 0.40 and 0.43 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ for only croplands despite low slope gradients, and this loss is above the tolerable erosion rates of 0.20 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. The erosion rates were greater in spring because the topsoil thawed before deeper layers, reducing infiltration into the soil, and the bare vegetation cover provided no barriers to surface flow. In contrast, summer erosion occurred primarily in response to intense rain events. Development of the gullies was promoted by freeze-thaw cycles in spring and was affected by the type of agricultural operations and crops in summer. A linear regression model for the prediction of ephemeral gully length at the catchment level was established using field data, and although it did not successfully predict the length of individual gullies, it explained 55% of the variation in ephemeral gully length.     

小型气力式蔬菜精量播种机设计与试验

针对温室大棚空间狭窄、大田气力式精量播种机无法进入作业,而现有小型机械式播种机播种精度低的问题,设计了适用于温室大棚的小型气力式蔬菜精量播种机,采用正负压双作用排种器提高播种精度,并通过更换排种盘配合不同的开沟分种装置实现不同蔬菜及不同行数的播种作业,提高了播种机的适应性。对排种器进行基于EDEM的离散元仿真分析,探究充种区种群运动规律和搅种装置性能。对整机进行田间试验,结果表明:漏播率≤5%,重播率≤5%,种子机械破损率≤1%,播深一致性合格率≥90%,各项指标符合蔬菜种植农艺要求。     

温度变化对番茄幼苗抗寒性的影响

在低温（１５℃）,中温（２０℃）,高温（２５℃）条件下生长的番茄幼苗,定植前１５ｄ放置在相同的高温条件（２５℃）测定各处理不同时期幼苗叶片中脯氨酸,束缚水,自由水含量,以观察其抗寒性能的变化,结果表明,在低温下生长的番茄幼苗抗寒性较强,中温下生长的幼苗次之,高温下生长的幼苗抗寒性最差,但三种处理的幼苗放置在同样的高温下抗寒性迅速下降,尤其是低温下生长的幼苗下降幅度最大,到定植叶时不同温度处理幼苗的     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

 森林凋落物分解是森林生态系统养分生物循环的重要环节,而分解过程中所释放的CO2是全球碳素收支的重要组分,开展森林凋落物分解研究是充分认识森林生态系统结构和功能的基础。研究认为:凋落物分解的预测指标可分为3类,即环境指标(如实际蒸散量)、凋落物物理质量(如叶抗张强度)和化学质量指标(如C/N比、木质素/N比和C/P比等);凋落物分解过程中养分释放机制极其复杂,养分动态模式主要有淋溶—释放、淋溶—富集—释放和富集—释放3种,并因凋落物种类、分解阶段和元素本身性质的不同而异;凋落物混合分解并非单一树种分解的简单叠加,因树种组成和比例不同,基质的化学组成会发生变化,从而影响分解者的多样性、丰富度和生理活性,进而直接和间接地影响其分解速率;凋落物混合分解中可能存在无效应、促进效应和抑制效应;现有的研究结果显示,凋落物混合分解的适宜比例应与群落中不同树种的种群比例相一致;CO2浓度升高不仅影响凋落物的化学性质,而且与分解环境中土壤的生物活性密切相关,但CO2浓度升高并不改变凋落物质量与分解速率之间的关系;越来越多的研究显示,CO2浓度升高的环境下,植物群落的物种组成会产生变化,这种变化对养分循环速率的影响远大于单纯大气CO2浓度变化的影响。     

茶叶揉捻机棱骨安装的优化参数

用二元回归正交设计的试验方法加工三级杀青叶,建立了揉捻机的揉捻叶质量与揉捻机棱骨的安装根数及安装角度之间的数学模型。根据优化理论,求得棱骨的最佳安装根数为１２根,最佳安装角度为４２°。经验证,证明基本正确。     

恢复承德玉米制种基地的可行性分析

承德具有自然隔离条件好、气候类型丰富等独特的自然条件,曾是我国高粱和玉米“两杂”作物种子的主要生产基地之一.但由于受多种因素的影响,到20世纪中后期,种子生产基地面积逐步减少.分析了承德作为玉米制种基地的有利条件以及制约制种基地建设的主要因素,提出了适宜的基地建设规模.认为恢复承德玉米制种基地对于推动种子生产基地建设和管理、确保农业生产用种安全和种子业持续健康发展是十分必要和可行的.     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

江淮地区燕麦籽粒产量与农艺性状的相关性及通径分析

为了研究江淮地区燕麦籽粒生产的影响因素,选取了13个皮燕麦种质和7个裸燕麦种质,对其12个主要农艺性状和籽粒产量进行了相关性分析和通径分析。结果表明,12个农艺性状与皮燕麦籽粒产量的相关性大小依次为分蘖数>茎叶比>株高>茎粗>千粒重>穗长>旗叶宽>轮层数>小花数>穗鲜重>旗叶长>小穗数;对逐步回归分析筛选出的6个农艺性状和皮燕麦籽粒产量做通径分析,其直接效应依次为茎粗>分蘖数>茎叶比>穗长>株高>千粒重,株高和千粒重为负效应。农艺性状与裸燕麦籽粒产量相关性依次为小花数>旗叶长>小穗数>茎粗>穗长>分蘖数>穗鲜重>株高>轮层数>旗叶宽>茎叶比>千粒重;进行通径分析后,直接效应大小为穗鲜重>穗长>茎粗>小穗数>小花数>旗叶长>分蘖数,旗叶长和分蘖数为负效应。综合考虑,皮燕麦籽粒丰产的关键在于增加单株分蘖数;裸燕麦的生产过程中则要选择小穗性状优良、小花数适中的品种。