Associations of polymorphisms in the Pit-1 gene with growth and carcass traits in Angus beef cattle

The Pit-1 gene was studied as a candidate for genetic markers of growth and carcass traits. Angus beef cattle that were divergently selected for high- or low-blood serum IGF-I concentration were used in this study. The single-strand conformation polymorphism method was used to identify polymorphism in the Pit-1 gene including regions from intron 2 to exon 6. Two polymorphisms, Pit1I3H (HinfI) and Pit1I3NL (NlaIII), were detected in intron 3 of the Pit-1 gene. One polymorphism, Pit1I4N (BstNI), was found in intron 4, and a single nucleotide polymorphism, Pit1I5, was found in intron 5. The previously reported polymorphism in exon 6, Pit1E6H (HinfI), was also studied in 416 Angus beef cattle. Associations of the polymorphisms with growth traits, carcass traits, and IGF-I concentration were analyzed using a general linear model procedure. No significant associations were observed between these polymorphisms and growth and carcass traits.     

猪红细胞CD58分子协同NDⅣ疫苗免疫的佐剂效应

用从木瓜酶修饰的猪红细胞提取的 CD5 8分子 ,协同 ND 疫苗免疫 8日龄雏鸡 (分为试验 A组、对照 B组 ) ;用从正常猪红细胞提取的 CD5 8分子 ,协同 ND 疫苗免疫 18日龄雏鸡 (分为试验 C组、对照 D组 ) ,以β-微量法测定ND抗体效价 ,以 α-醋酸萘酯酶染色法检测鸡外周血 T细胞的变化 ,并分别用 NDV F4 8E9强毒株在免疫后 2 4 d攻击 A组和 B组鸡、39d攻击 C组和 D组鸡。结果表明 ,免疫前 ,8日龄雏鸡的 ND抗体效价为 2 5.8,18日龄雏鸡的 ND抗体均为阴性 ;免疫后 ,与对照 D组比较 ,试验 C组的 ND抗体提前 4 d达到 2 4 .8,并且试验 C组 ND抗体效价显著高于对照 D组 ( P<0 .0 1) ,保护期延长 ;试验 A组雏鸡体内 ND抗体变化和对照 B组相似 ,但试验 A组雏鸡外周血 T细胞数量显著高于对照 B组 ( P<0 .0 1或 P<0 .0 5 )。攻毒试验结果显示 ,试验 A组鸡死亡率为 33% ,对照 B组鸡死亡率为6 3% ;试验 C组鸡死亡率为 17% ,对照 D组鸡死亡率为 5 3%。本研究结果表明 ,猪红细胞 CD5 8分子具有较好的疫苗佐剂效应     

空间自相关性对冬小麦种植面积空间抽样效率的影响

空间抽样是实现区域农作物面积高效估算的重要手段,农作物分布受自然条件等因素影响普遍存在空间自相关性,但以往针对空间相关性对农作物面积抽样效率的影响研究明显不足。该研究选取安徽省凤台县为研究区,通过2017年4月4景GF-1全色多光谱影像（Panchromatic and Multispectral, PMS）与Google Earth高空间分辨率影像相结合提取研究区冬小麦。设计10种抽样单元尺度、3种抽样外推方法、2种相对允许误差和5种样本布局方式,构建多种冬小麦面积空间抽样方案。利用全局莫兰指数（global Moran’s index）评价不种尺度下抽样单元内冬小麦面积比的空间自相关强度,分析空间自相关性对冬小麦面积抽样效率（抽样误差、样本容量和空间布局）的影响。研究结果表明,抽样单元内冬小麦面积比的空间自相关强度随单元尺度的增大而减小,全局莫兰指数相应地由0.75降至0.50。无论在何种尺度下抽样单元内冬小麦面积比都呈显著的空间正相关性;抽样外推冬小麦面积总体的误差随空间自相关强度的减小呈先减小后明显增大的趋势。在10种抽样单元尺度中,当抽样单元尺度为2 000 m且抽样比为5%时,无论采用何种抽样方法外推总体的误差均为最小（简单随机抽样、系统和分层抽样外推总体的相对误差分别为17.94%、9.48%和1.82%）;当相对允许误差设计为5%时,简单随机抽样外推总体所需样本容量随空间自相关强度的降低从660降至56。而分层抽样的样本容量不受空间自相关性的影响;5种样本布局方式中,采用分层随机抽样方式外推冬小麦面积总体的平均相对误差、平均变异系数和均方根误差最小,分别为1.82%、3.19%和0.11×108 m2。该研究可为有空间自相关存在下的农作物面积空间抽样方案合理设计提供参考依据。     

基于多参数耦合的蓄冷温控箱冷板对流换热参数优化

蓄冷温控箱利用低温相变材料储存冷量,通过缓慢释放调节并保持箱内温度,目前仍存在冷量释放速率无法控制、剩余冷量预测难等问题,而蓄冷板表面对流换热系数直接影响冷量的释放速率。针对以上问题,搭建了蓄冷板表面对流换热系数测量试验平台,研究不同环境及蓄冷板参数对表面对流换热系数的影响。采用二次回归正交试验设计方案,探究了蓄冷区进口空气流速、进口空气温度、蓄冷板传热面积以及蓄冷板间距对表面对流换热系数的影响,并对结果进行分析,建立了表面对流换热系数二阶预测模型,获得影响表面对流换热系数大小较显著的因素及较优的参数组合。试验结果表明：进口空气温度和蓄冷板传热面积的交互效应最大;通过响应曲面法建立的表面对流换热系数预测模型,得到最优参数组合为：进口空气流速4 m/s,进口空气温度25 ℃,蓄冷板传热面积0.455 m2,蓄冷板间距0.04 m,模型决定系数值为0.927 4,变异系数为5.78%。回归模型计算结果与试验结果吻合,最大误差为3.58%,平均相对误差为2.69%,表明该模型可以快速、准确地预测不同条件下的蓄冷板表面对流换热系数。试验结果为蓄冷温控箱冷量释放速率精准调控及剩余冷量预测提供参考。     

资源环境硬约束下中国耕地休耕优先区识别

为厘清全国耕地资源环境本底并识别中国休耕优先区,该研究从生态保护红线、土壤污染状况、地下水超采和耕地质量等级等4个维度,运用生态保护红线划定、内梅罗综合污染指数、地下水水位变幅等方法系统分析中国耕地资源环境胁迫因子空间格局及分异特征,并构建多准则休耕规则识别不同情景下中国休耕规模及优先区的空间分布。结果表明：1）中国北方划入生态保护红线范围内耕地面积远高于南方,划入一级生态保护红线范围内耕地占3.57%;2）中国耕地重、中度污染面积分别占1.23%和2.31%,南方整体污染高于北方且南方呈局部分散、北方呈点状集聚格局;3）地下水超采区集中于河北、河南、吉林和江苏,重度超采区仅占0.68%;4）耕地质量总体一般,劣等、低等耕地面积分别占3.69%和14.0%,北方明显高于南方且大范围分散分布。依据多准则休耕规则综合评判,划入休耕优先区占全部耕地的23.70%,比食品安全优先、产能损失最小和生态保护优先3种情景分别高8.40%、4.18%和3.12%,其中禁植必休区、限植休耕区和重点轮休区分别为1.95%、4.71%和6.18%。因此,必须从源头治理视角厘清耕地资源环境本底,权衡休耕的迫切性,为国家层面上休耕规划有效落地、污染休耕治理和耕地保护创新提供技术支撑。     

Response of labile organic C and N pools to plastic film removal from semiarid farmland soil

To examine the effects of plastic film removal on grain yield and soil organic matter (SOM), a spring maize (Zea may L.) field experiment was conducted for 5 yr at Changwu Agricultural and Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest China. Compared with traditional plastic film mulching during entire growing stages (FM), plastic film removal at the silking stage (RM) resulted in a 6.3% higher average maize yield. Under the RM treatment, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased after the 5‐yr cultivation in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. Significant increases in extractable organic C (EOC), KMnO₄‐oxidizable C (KMnO₄‐C) and C management index (CMI) in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer, and light fraction organic C and EOC in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer were observed in response to plastic film removal after the 1‐yr treatment; the responses were more significant after 5 yr. Under the RM treatment, significant increases in microbial biomass C, light fraction organic N, extractable organic N, KMnO₄‐C and CMI were also observed after five years in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer. Moreover, KMnO₄‐C and EOC were much more sensitive than other labile SOM fractions to the application of RM, even after only 1 yr of cultivation. Therefore, compared with mulching for the whole growing season, plastic film removal at the maize silking stage is an effective option for increasing yields and enhancing SOM concentration and soil sustainability in the regions with semiarid monsoon climates that have sufficient rainfall during maize reproductive stages.     

Differential Cl−/Salt Tolerance and NaCl‐Induced Alternations of Tissue and Cellular Ion Fluxes in Glycine max,Glycine soja and their Hybrid Seedlings

The salt‐sensitive Glycine max N23674 cultivar, the salt‐born Glycine soja BB52 population, and their hybrid 4076 strain (F₅) selected for salt tolerance generation by generation were used as the experimental materials in this study. First, the effects of NaCl stress on seed germination, tissue damage, and time‐course ionic absorption and transportation were compared. When qualitatively compared with seed germination appearance in culture dishes, and tissue damages on roots or leaves of seedlings, or quantitatively compared with the relative salt injury rate, the inhibition on N23674 was all the most remarkable. After the exposure of 140 mm NaCl for 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 2 days and 4 days, the content of Cl^? gradually increased in the roots and leaves of seedlings of BB52, 4076 and 23674. Interestingly, the extents of the Cl^? rise in roots of the three experimental soybean materials were BB52 > 4076 > N23674, whereas those in leaves were just on the contrary. Secondly, by using the scanning ion‐selective electrode technique (SIET), fluxes of Na⁺ and Cl^? in roots and protoplasts isolated from roots and leaves were also investigated among the three experimental soybean materials. After 140 mm NaCl stress for 2, 4 and 6 days, and when compared with N23674, slighter net Cl^? influxes were observed in root tissue and protoplasts of roots and leaves of BB52 and 4076 seedlings, especially at the cellular protoplast level. The results indicate that with regard to the ionic effect of NaCl stress, Cl^? was the main determinant salt ion for salt tolerance in G. soja, G. max and their hybrid, and the difference in their Cl^?/salt tolerance is mainly attributed to the capacity of Cl^? restriction to the plant above‐ground parts such as leaves.     

Copper‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Responses of the Antioxidant System in Roots of Medicago sativa

The effects of various copper (Cu) concentrations on the antioxidative system in the roots of Medicago sativa were explored. The results indicated that the Cu content of the roots reached a value of 854 μg g^?1 DW at 10 μm Cu and a value of 4415 μg g^?1 DW at 100 μm Cu, suggesting that M. sativa has better ability to tolerate and accumulate Cu than other Cu‐bioaccumulators, and is a potential plant for phytoremediation. Treatment with Cu resulted in a significant increment in the levels of H₂O₂, O₂˙^? and OH˙. The reduced form of ascorbate and glutathione reached a peak at 30 μm Cu, and was followed by a sharp depletion to a lower level than that of the control. In contrast, the levels of the oxidised forms of ascorbate and glutathione showed a progressive increment with increasing Cu concentrations, suggesting that the antioxidant system was unable to cope with Cu stress at higher Cu levels. Under the Cu concentrations tested, the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased at lower Cu concentrations, and then decreased, reaching a maximum at 30 μm of Cu for APX and GR, at 10 μm for CAT, whereas the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) were gradually increased with increasing Cu concentrations. PAGE analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.1.5.1.1) revealed that one band is a Mn‐SOD and five bands are identified as Cu, Zn‐SOD, whereas Fe‐SOD isoforms were not found in the roots of alfalfa. Cu at 10–100 μm increased the intensity of constitutive isozymes of CAT, APX and POD, whereas it decreased the intensity of isozymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) significantly. The activities of lipoxygenases (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) were gradually augmented with increasing Cu concentrations, demonstrating that LOXs are probably involved in production of lipid hydroperoxides and superoxide anion. There was a continuous and pronounced enhancement in the activity of esterase (EST, EC 3.1.1.1) in roots treated with 10–30 Cu μm , whereas EST activity in roots exposed to above 30 μm Cu declined, suggesting that EST plays a protective role under lower Cu concentrations stress.     

Genome‐Wide Identification of MicroRNAs Responsive to High Temperature in Rice (Oryza sativa) by High‐Throughput Deep Sequencing

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play important roles in plant growth and stress response. Heat stress is a severe abiotic stresses by adversely affecting plant growth and yield. To identify heat‐responsive miRNAs at the genome‐wide level in rice (Oryza sativa), we constructed two small RNA libraries from young panicles treated or not with heat conditions. Ion torrent sequencing of the two libraries identified 294 known miRNAs and 539 novel miRNAs. Differential expression analysis showed that 26 miRNAs were downregulated and 21 miRNAs were upregulated in response to heat stress. Among them, five heat‐responsive miRNAs, including miR162b, miR529a‐p5, PC‐5P‐62245‐9, miR171b and miR169n, were validated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. A total of 44 target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted. These target genes are most significantly overrepresented in the cell growth process. The results demonstrated that rice miRNAs play critical roles in the heat stress response. This study opens up a new avenue for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs involvement in the heat stress response in rice.     

一种染料副产品作水溶肥原料的应用研究

通过盆栽试验探究染料副产品作为肥料对油菜生长的影响,结果表明:在等氮量情况下,施用染料副产品与硫酸铵在油菜的生物量、叶面积、株高、根长和叶绿素含量等方面没有显著差异,都高于空白对照处理。基施条件下,施用硫铵和染料副产品较空白对照产量分别增加3.25倍和2.73倍;喷施条件下,施用硫铵和染料副产品较空白对照产量分别增加97.1%和76.5%;施用染料副产品还可以增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤中其它养分含量。