Versuche zur Zyklussynchronisation bei Kühen aus Beständen rnit Fertilitätsproblemen und bei Hybriden zwischen Wisent und Rind mit der PRID-Spirale*

Inhalt: An 81 Versuchs- und 92 Kontrolltieren der Rasse “Potnische Schwarzbunte” aus 3 Problembetrieben wurde ein Versuch zur Sterilitätsprophylaxe rnit der PRID-Spirale durchgeführt. Anhand klinischer Befunde und Milchprogesteronwerten wurde die Untergruppe aus Kühen mit Ovardystrophie (18 Versuchs- und 22 Kontrolltiere) gebildet und extra ausgewertet. Der Behandlungsbeginn lag zwischen 60 und 80 Tage post partum. Die Versuchstiere wurden mit der PRID-Spirale 12 Tage lang behandelt, die Kontrolltiere erhielten Injcktionen rnit Kochsalzlösung und solche rnit Ovardystrophie wurden zusätzlich mit einer Eierstocksmassage behandelt. Die Versuchstiere wurden 56 und 72 Stunden nach Entfernung der Spirale blind besamt. Die Brunstin-duktionsrate betrug insgesamt 90,1%, bei denen rnit Ovardystrophie 77,7%. Die An-wendung der PRID-Spirale führte zur Verbesserung der Fertilitätslage. Die Gesamt-trächtigkeitsrate lag mit 87,6% bei den Versuchskühenüber derjenigen der Kontrollkü-he mit 79,3%. Die Behandlung der Tiere rnit Ovardystrophie erbrachte eine Gesamt-trächtigkeitsrate von 88,8% bei den Versuchs- und 72,7% bei den Kontrolltieren. Die Zwischentragezeit betrug bei den Versuchstieren 101,2 Tage und bei den Kontrolltieren 113,3 Tage (p ≤ 0,05). Bei den azyklischen Tieren lag die Zwischentragezeit bei 104,6 Tage bzw. 134,7 Tage (p ≤ 0,05). In einem anderen Versuch wurde 20 Hybriden zwischen Wisent und Hausrind rwecks Zyklussynchronisation die PRID-Spirale verabreicht. Die Brunstinduktionsrate betrug 66,6%, das Erstbesamungsergebnis nach Doppelbesamung 30%, die Gesamtträchtig-keitsrate nach dem Decken der umrindernden Kreuzungstiere rnit einem Bullen 90%. Die Deckperiode konnte verkürzt werden. Contents: Investigations on the synchronization of estrus cycle in cattle from farms with fertility problems and in cross-breeds between bison and cattle with a PRID-de-vice In 81 experimental and 92 control animals of the “Polish Black and White” breed derived from 3 farms with fertility problems an investigation was carried out for sterility prophylaxis using the PRID-device. Based on clinical findings and milk progesterone values cattle with ovarian dystrophy (18 experimental and 22 control animals) from a special group were used. The begin of treatment was between 60 and 80 days post partum. All experimental animals had received a PRID-device for a duration of 12 days. Control animals were injected with physiological saline solution and animals with ovarian dystrophy were treated additionally with ovarian massage. Experimental animals were inseminated 56 and 72 hrs after removal of the device. All animals taken, estrus was induced in 90.1% of the animals, while only 77.7% of animals with ovarian dystrophy came to estrus. Application of the PRID-device led to an improvement of fertility. Pregnancy rates in experimental animals were 87.6%, while only 79.3% of the control animals were pregnant. Treatment of animals with ovarian dystrophy resulted in 88.8% pregnancies for treated and 72.7% for control animals. Experimental animals were non-pregnant for a duration of 101.2 days, while control animals remained non-pregnant for 113.3 days (p < 0.05). Acyclic cattle had a non-pregnant period of 104.6 days and 134.7 days (p < 0.05) respectively. In a second experiment 20 cross-breeds between bison and domestic cattle were treated with a PRID-device for synchronization of the estrus cycle. The rate of estrus induction was 66.6%, the fertility after double insemination 30%, the total pregnancy rate improved after mating with a bull of animals that had not conceived to 90%.     

Effect of Split Nitrogen Application on Growth and Yield of Wheat (T. aestivum L.) Genotypes with Different N-Assimilation Potential

A field experiment was conducted with different nitrogen regimes to assess the growth and yield performance of wheat genotypes which differ in nitrate assimilation potential. Genotypic differences in biomass accumulation were observed at different growth stages. The nitrogen treatment had little effect on biomass accumulation at early stages of growth, while at later stages of growth there was enhanced biomass accumulation when N was applied in more than two splits. On an average, genotypes with high nitrate reductase activity (the 'HNR' genotypes) accumulated 14.2 % more biomass than the genotypes with low nitrate reductase activity ('LNR' genotypes) when an extra dose (40 kg N ha⁻¹) of nitrogen was given at the time of anthesis. The application of nitrogen in more than two splits increased grain yield of both 'HNR' and 'LNR' genotypes mainly by increasing grain weight per ear. The application of an extra dose of nitrogen (40 kg N ha⁻¹) at the time of anthesis increased grain yield of 'HNR' genotypes by 38.5 % as compared to 'LNR' genotypes.     

Radiation Balance Components of Maize Hybrids Grown at Various Plant Densities

Components of the energy and heat balances were examined in two maize hybrids grown at three different plant densities (40, 70 and 100 thousand plants per hectare). One of the hybrids was drought tolerant, while the other was bred for cultivation under irrigated conditions. An increase in plant density influenced not only the size of the leaf area, but also the distribution of the leaves at various plant heights. The extinction coefficient, which provides a quantification of radiation penetration, was higher in the irrigated treatments. By contrast to the other two treatments, the plant canopy in the thinly sown stands remained open throughout the vegetation period, and thus behaved quite differently to the closed stands, making it impossible to compare them. Smaller albedo values were recorded for the hybrid bred for irrigation and in thinly sown stands. The low plant density allowed more energy to reach the soil, from which it was reflected, making a considerable contribution to the final temperature in the stand. The latent heat, in keeping with the quantity of water transpired, was the greatest in the densely sown stands. There was little difference between the latent heat values of the normal and dense stands in either hybrid, indicating that they both had a similar sensitivity to increased stand density. If sufficient water is available it would appear that the stand density could be increased even for the drought-tolerant hybrid.     

Mucus synthesis in the goblet cells of the small intestine in experimental infection with the coccidium Isospora suis in piglets

The state of mucus synthesis in the goblet cells of the small intestine was studied in conventional piglets infected with a dose of 200,000 oocytes of the coccidium Isospora suis the first and fifth day after parturition. The synthesis of mucus and its chemical characteristics undergo significant changes during the third and fourth day after infection. The activity of acid and neutral mucous substances declines; their level and the physiological synthetic function of goblet cells begin to return to the normal during the period starting on the eight to tenth day after infection. However, there were no fully functioning goblet cells in the broken numerical ratio even at the end of the period of investigation, i.e. the 13th day after infection. The thin surface layer of mucus remained almost unchanged within the whole extent of the small intestine parts studied.     

土壤调理剂对生姜硒镉积累和品质安全的影响

为明确土壤调理剂对重金属污染土壤上生姜的营养品质和安全性的影响及作用机制,采用生姜土壤盆栽试验,比较研究了3种土壤调理剂（硅酸钾、麦饭石、贝壳粉）对土壤硒镉有效性以及生姜硒镉积累、生长发育和营养品质的影响。试验结果表明：3种土壤调理剂均能显著提高生姜硒含量,同时显著降低镉含量。与对照（不添加土壤调理剂）相比,施用0.2%硅酸钾调理剂效果最佳,分别使生姜地上部位和姜块硒含量提高了165.01%和111.36%,镉含量降低了71.96%和65.15%;另外,施用3种土壤调理剂可显著提高姜块产量、品质及养分吸收。与对照相比,产量提高了23.93%~67.67%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和姜黄素含量分别提高了2.34%~6.00%、154.72%~602.83%和11.05%~33.43%,氮、磷、钾养分含量分别提高了10.28%~14.42%、24.62%~34.87%、28.81%~29.01%;施用3种土壤调理剂还可提高姜块过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,降低丙二醛（MDA）含量;与对照相比,3种土壤调理剂增加土壤pH 0.35~0.53个单位,土壤有效态镉含量降低了16.92%~22.76%,有效态硒含量增加了3.60%~10.99%。研究表明,施用土壤调理剂能够降低土壤有效态镉含量、活化土壤有效态硒,从而降低生姜镉含量并提高硒含量和姜块营养品质,可实现镉污染土壤安全利用,保障生姜优质安全生产。     

不同时期一次性施肥对夏玉米产量和氮肥效率的影响

在河南省鹤壁和原阳采用田间试验,研究不施氮(CK)、种肥同播(T1)、5叶期一次性施肥(T2)和10叶期一次性施肥(T3),对夏玉米生长发育、氮素积累转运及产量的影响,明确夏玉米包膜尿素1∶1配施普通尿素适宜的一次性施肥时期。结果表明,鹤壁和原阳T1处理产量最高,分别为12 700 kg/hm²和10 945 kg/hm²,但与T2处理间差异不显著,较T3处理分别提高14.2%和10.9%;干物质积累量较其他处理分别提高5.6%～25.1%和1.6%～21.2%。不同生育期T1处理叶片SPAD值和叶面积指数均达最高。鹤壁和原阳T1氮肥表观利用率最高,分别为35.2%和35.5%,较其他处理分别提高5.6～14.7个百分点和3.2～13.6个百分点;氮素积累量较其他施氮处理分别提高13.8%～34.5%和14.5%～41.5%。T1处理土壤氮素依存率低于T2和T3处理。综上,种肥同播提高了夏玉米产量、氮肥效率、叶片SAPD值和叶面积指数,保持较高的氮素吸收速率,降低了土壤氮依存率,满足夏玉米整个生育期的氮素需求,实现了夏玉米高产和高效施肥。     

草地贪夜蛾核型多角体病毒对草地贪夜蛾的毒力及其侵染特征

为明确草地贪夜蛾核型多角体病毒（Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus,SfMNPV）对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda 的毒力及其体内外侵染特性,于室内测定SfMNPV对草地贪夜蛾的毒力,采用苏木精-伊红（hematoxylin-eosin,HE）染色分析SfMNPV侵染后草地贪夜蛾的组织病理学特征,通过实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR）技术分析SfMNPV在草地贪夜蛾体内和Sf9细胞系中的复制特征。结果表明,SfMNPV对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的LC₅₀和LT₅₀分别为7.39×10⁵ OBs/mL和3.82 d;SfMNPV可侵染草地贪夜蛾幼虫的真皮、气管、脂肪体和中肠等组织,未侵染肌肉组织;SfMNPV侵染96 h后草地贪夜蛾体内SfMNPV基因组拷贝数最大,为3.91×10⁶ 拷贝数/ng,SfMNPV侵染96 h后Sf9细胞培养上清液中SfMNPV基因组拷贝数最大,为2.08×10⁷ 拷贝数/mL。     

水稻重要农艺性状的QTL分析和主效QTL近等基因系的构建

水稻许多重要农艺性状都是数量性状,水稻遗传改良的大部分工作就是改良这些数量性状。1980年以后,随着分子标记的出现,水稻高密度遗传连锁图谱的大量绘制,各种作图群体的迅猛构建,功能强大的各种统计学软件的快速开发,全基因组序列测序的完成,特别是多个QTL精细定位和先后克隆,使得我们对数量性状的认识得到了长足的进步,QTL的研究正在走进新时代。