Potential for endozoochorous seed dispersal by sheep and goats: Risk of weed seed transport via animal faeces

Endozoochory is known as an important mechanism for the spread of weeds. We carried out experiments to assess the fate of seeds of several weed species (Convolvulus arvensis, Cuscuta campestris, Rumex crispus, Hordeum spontaneum and Sorghum halepense) after passing through the gut of sheep and goat. Eighteen animals of both sheep and goat received diet mixed with seeds of the weed species or control with only wheat bran (five weed species + control × three replications). Results showed that a higher proportion of seeds were missing after passage through the sheep gut than in goats. In goats, a greater proportion of seeds were dead after passage, but the number of seeds collected from dung was also greater. Weed species differed, with the highest seed recovery and viability in Cuscuta campestris. Based on time of seed passages through the animal gut estimated for the different weed species, we recommend that sheep should be kept in a corral for 96 hr to minimise seed transportation via their faeces. For goats, if R. crispus and C. arvensis seeds could be excluded from the diet, then maintaining them for 96 hr in an animal stall would ensure little seed transportation via dung, but we found R. crispus and C. arvensis seeds to be present and viable in goat dung even 120 hr after feeding. Very large numbers of viable seeds can be found in goat and sheep dung, so the use of rotted manure is highly recommended to avoid transportation of viable seeds via manure fertilisers.     

Ecophysiological approach to competition between Amaranthus chlorostachys and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) under drought stress

Interspecific competition between Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., NSH-33 hybrid) in pure and mixed stands of the same density was studied in small plot experiments to elucidate the ecophysiological responses of the competing species under drought stress. When grown in a mixed stand the extremely low intensity of transpiration in A. chlorostachys resulted in a difference in the water use efficiency (WUE) values of net photosynthesis between the two species. The values were higher in A. chlorostachys. Interspecific competition reduced the total individual plant weight to a greater extent in sunflower than in the weed species by the end of the growing season. Reproductive effort was higher in A. chlorostachys than sunflower and, in our opinion, best reflects the outcome of competi-tion. On the basis of the correlation between WUE and reproductive allocation, reproduc-tive effort in sunflower and A. chlorostachys in both intra- and interspecific competition is determined by the value of WUE, which latter is also of prime importance in drought stress tolerance. Approche écophysiologique de la compétition entre Amaranthus chlorostachys et le tournesol (Helianthus annuus) en condition de stress hydrique La compétition interspécifique entre Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. et le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. hybride NSH 33) dans des stations mixtes et simples de densité de plantes identiques (espacement de 35 × 35 cm) a étéétudié dans une expérimentation de plein champ en petites parcelles. Notre but était d'éclairer les réponses écophysiologiques des espèces en compétition (compétition inter et intra spécifique) sous stress hydrique et de mettre en lumière les corrélations entre les processus ecophysiologiques adéquats et les paramètres de la production de biomasse quan-tifiant le résultat de la compétition. Quand la culture a été faite dans des stations mixtes, la très faible intensité de transpiration chez A. chlorostachys a abouti à une différence ultérieure entre les valeurs de l'efficacité de l'utilisation (WVE) de l'eau dans la photosynthèse chez les 2 espèces: celle-ci était plus élevée chez A. chlorostachys. La compétition interspécifique a réduit le poids total des plantes individuelles de faon plus importante chez le tournesol que chez la mauvaise herbe à la fin de la saison de croissance. L'importance de la reproduction, qui à notre avis reflète le mieux le résultat de la compétition exprimée dans une aptitude à se reproduire plus élevée chez A. chlorostachys que chez le tournesol. Sur la base de la corrélation entre WVE et l'aptitude à se reproduire, l'importance de la reproduction chez le tournesol et A. chlorostachysà la fois en compétition intra et inter spécifique est déterminée par la valeur de WVE, qui est aussi de première importance dans la tolérance au stress hydrique. Ökophysiologische Untersuchung der Konkurrenz zwischen Amaranthus chlorostachys und Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus) unter Trockenstreβ Die Konkurrenz zwischen Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. und der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L., ‘NSH-33’) in Rein- und Mischbeständen gleicher Pflanzendichte (Abstand 35 cm) wurde in Feldversuchen auf kleinen Parzellen untersucht. Die ökophysiologische Reaktion der konkurrierenden Arten (bei intra- und interspezifischer Konkurrenz) unter Trockenstreß, die Beziehungen zwischen den relevanten ökophysiologischen Prozessen und die Biomasseproduktion unter dem Einfluß der Konkurrenz sollten bestimmt werden. In Mischbeständen führte die extrem niedrige Intensität der Transpiration von Amaranthus chlorostachys zu einer noch verstärkten Differenz zwischen den Werten der Wasserausnutzung (WUE) der Netto-Photosynthese der beiden Arten, die bei Amaranthus chlorostachys höher waren. Die interspezifische Konkurrenz verringerte die Einzelpflanzenmasse bei der Sonnenblume zum Ende der Vegetationsperiode stärker als beim Unkraut. Der Repro-duktions-Aufwand, der unserer Meinung nach die Konkurrenzwirkung am besten widerspiegelt, war bei Amaranthus chlorostachys höher als bei der Sonnenblume. Er wird bei beiden Arten sowohl bei intra- als auch interspezifischer Konkurrenz durch den Wert der WUE bestimmt, die auch für die Trockenstreß-Toleranz sehr wichtig ist.     

Identification, Chromosome Location, and Diagnostic Markers for a New Gene (YrCN19) for Resistance to Wheat Stripe Rust

ABSTRACT Several wheat lines and cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum) originating from the southwestern region of China were found to be highly resistant to stripe rust by inoculation with the prevalent races (CYR30, CYR31, and CYR32) and newly emerged races (H46-4, SY11-4 and SY11-14) of the pathogen. An inheritance study of the resistance to stripe rust was carried out by crossing resistant AIM6 with susceptible BeiZ76. Results indicated that the resistance to stripe rust was controlled by a single dominant gene. The 112 F(2) plants chosen from the cross BeiZ76/ AIM6 were analyzed with 218 pairs of microsatellite primers to determine the map location of the resistance gene. A simple sequence repeat marker on chromosome arm 2BS, Xgwm410, showed polymorphism and co-segregation between stripe rust resistant and susceptible plants. From the pedigree, inheritance, molecular marker, and resistance response, it is concluded that the stripe rust resistance gene in wheat cv. Chuan-nong19 (CN19) and wheat lines AIM5 and AIM6 is a novel gene, designated YrCN19. The microsatellite primer Xgwm410 is a diagnostic marker of the resistance gene YrCN19, which has potential for application in the marker-assisted breeding of wheat.     

Detection of the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay

ABSTRACT The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has caused significant damage to pine plantations both in East Asia and North America and is an important quarantine organism. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect B. xylophilus. A set of primers and probe specific for B. xylophilus was designed to target the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region. Optimal primer concentration, Mg(2+) concentration, and extension temperature were 400 nM, 3.0 mM, and 60 degrees C, respectively. The assay was highly specific and sensitive, detecting as little as 0.01 ng of B. xylophilus DNA. The real-time PCR assay also successfully detected B. xylophilus in field samples, and it should be very useful for quarantine purposes.     

Nutrient addition and disturbance effects on the community composition and assembly in a desert steppe北大核心CSCD

The effects of short-term nutrient additions (NPKμ, 10 g·m- 2) and disturbances on the species diversity, functional traits, soil properties, and community assembly mechanisms of the herbaceous community in the Urat desert steppe were examined. A mixed linear model, principal component analysis, and null model methods were utilized and both disturbance and interaction treatments were found to significantly reduce species richness and β diversity. Short-term nutrient additions significantly reduced soil pH but increased soil electrical conductivity. Six functional traits of the dominant species (i.e. Stipa glareosa, Peganum harmala, Salsola collina, Corispermum mongolicum) and six community-weighted mean significant changes under the disturbance and nutrient addition treatments were identified. The disturbance and nutrient additions promoted the transformation of the dominant species in the community from conservative strategies to acquisitive strategies. The results of the two null models revealed that community assembly under the control tended to be a stochastic process, while the disturbance and interaction treatments tended to be deterministic processes, and that of the nutrient addition treatments tended to be weaker deterministic processes. Plant communities in the desert steppe responded and adapted to the nutrient additions and disturbances through changes in the dominant species and their crucial functional traits. © 2023 Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.     

A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in Damascus countryside of Syria

A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes was conducted in Damascus countryside from January 2011 to December 2013. Soil samples were tested for the presence of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes by baiting with Galleria mellonella larvae. Of the 189 soil samples studied 17 were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes (9%), with 11 of these positive samples (65%) containing Heterorhabditis and 6 (35%) Steinernema isolates. Morphological studies were carried out to characterize eight isolates. The Heterorhabditis isolates collected in Syria were identified as Heterorhabditis zealandica (Poinar, 1990), Heterorhabditis indica (Poinar et al., 1992) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1990). Heterorhabditis zealandica was isolated from 4 sites. Heterorhabditis indica and H. bacteriophora were isolated from two sites each. Entomopathogenic nematodes were mainly found in stone fruit orchards and apple orchards but also in citrus groves, vineyards, and walnut orchards.     

Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Botrytis calthae

Botrytis calthae is a necrotrophic plant pathogen, closely related to the ubiquitous broad host range fungus Botrytis cinerea, but highly host specific. Botrytis isolates from lesions of Caltha palustris grown at different locations were classified with genetic markers as either B. calthae or Botrytis pseudocinerea, or less frequently as B. cinerea. A PCR‐based identification of B. calthae was developed. Seven haplotypes of B. calthae could be distinguished. Compared to B. cinerea, mycelium growth of B. calthae was similar, but conidiation less abundant, and sclerotia formation was only partially repressed by light. Conidia of B. calthae germinated more slowly, and showed a highly acidic optimum (pH 2·5) compared to B. cinerea conidia (pH 5·3). All B. calthae isolates were sensitive to common anti‐Botrytis fungicides, but showed partial resistance to the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors boscalid, fluopyram and carboxin. Infection experiments revealed a weak capability of B. calthae to induce necrotic lesions on plants that are hosts for B. cinerea. On C. palustris leaves, B. calthae induced similar lesions to B. cinerea. These data provide a basis for comparative molecular investigation of the physiology and host specificity of B. calthae and closely related Botrytis species.     

Latent entry and spread of Colletotrichum acutatum (species complex) in strawberry fields

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum (species complex), has become a troublesome problem in strawberry production worldwide. This paper reports (i) an optimized sampling method combined with a real‐time PCR technique to detect the latent presence of C. acutatum in cold‐stored strawberry plants used as planting material in several European countries, and (ii) a study of the spread of C. acutatum following a point inoculation under field conditions. Screening of different parts of planting material suggested that C. acutatum is most likely to be present on runners and old petioles. In addition, in seven out of nine batches of planting material from different nurseries, latent infection by C. acutatum was detected in at least one of five replicate samples. Field experiments in 2009 and 2010 showed extensive latent within‐field spread of the pathogen on strawberry leaves, with a within‐row dispersal distance up to at least 1·75 m in 1 week. A straw ground cover between the rows did not decrease C. acutatum spread, probably because introduced (and/or subsequent) inoculum was confined to the plant bed (within the row) and was not present between the beds. Moreover, the number of C. acutatum spores on the symptomless leaves, as estimated using a real‐time PCR method, was significantly (P < 0·05) correlated with the incidence of fruit rot at harvest and post‐harvest (r = 0·56–0·66). These results illustrate the importance of detecting latent infections in planting material and strawberry leaves in the field.     

LAMP assay and rapid sample preparation method for on‐site detection of flavescence dorée phytoplasma in grapevine

In Europe the most devastating phytoplasma associated with grapevine yellows (GY) diseases is a quarantine pest, flavescence dorée (FDp), from the 16SrV taxonomic group. The on‐site detection of FDp with an affordable device would contribute to faster and more efficient decisions on the control measures for FDp. Therefore, a real‐time isothermal LAMP assay for detection of FDp was validated according to the EPPO standards and MIQE guidelines. The LAMP assay was shown to be specific and extremely sensitive, because it detected FDp in all leaf samples that were determined to be FDp infected using quantitative real‐time PCR. The whole procedure of sample preparation and testing was designed and optimized for on‐site detection and can be completed in one hour. The homogenization procedure of the grapevine samples (leaf vein, flower or berry) was optimized to allow direct testing of crude homogenates with the LAMP assay, without the need for DNA extraction, and was shown to be extremely sensitive.