平山湖温性荒漠草地草畜平衡现状及发展措施

2008年通过对张掖市平山湖蒙古族乡草地、农牧业生产经营情况的入户调查,全乡有天然草地8.67万hm^2,可利用草地6.38万hm^2。草地理论载畜量为2.03万羊单位,实际存栏6.843万羊单位,超载4.813万羊单位,达237%。由于草地严重超载过牧,造成温性荒漠草地退化加剧,裸露草地数量增加,水土流失严重,草原生态环境日益恶化,使当地农牧民生产、生活受到严重的影响。必须通过调整优化畜群结构,使饲养牲畜公母比例由1∶1.4提高到1∶2.5-3.0,改变传统的全放牧饲养方式,加快畜群周转,达到草畜平衡,实现草地畜牧业可持续发展。     

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of predictors of human hepatitis E virus exposure in non‐endemic countries

The reported incidence of clinical hepatitis E cases is rising in some non‐endemic countries, with concurrent concerns regarding potential hepatitis E virus (HEV) contamination of the blood supply. Therefore, the characterization of major potential sources of human HEV exposure is important to inform risk assessment and public health policy. A systematic review was conducted, including a comprehensive search in six electronic bibliographic databases, verified by hand‐searching reference lists of HEV reviews, and a grey literature search, of the broad research question ‘what is the evidence of the association between predictors of human HEV exposure, and HEV IgG seropositivity, in non‐endemic countries?’ Using forms designed a priori, captured studies were appraised at first‐level screening, second‐level characterization, and third‐level data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Meta‐analysis yielded summary estimates of association between potential predictors and odds of HEV seropositivity. Meta‐analysis and meta‐regression of the odds of HEV seroprevalence in specific groups characterized potential sources of HEV exposure. From 4,163 captured citations, 245 relevant studies underwent data extraction, investigating HEV seroprevalence or predictors in both healthy subjects and targeted patient groups. Across these groups, increasing age was a predictor of HEV IgG seropositivity. Both human immunodeficiency virus patients and haemodialysis patients had significantly increased odds of HEV seropositivity relative to the general population. Working with pigs, in forestry, or in hospitals, was significantly associated with increased odds of HEV seropositivity, as were consumption of meat, pork or game meat, or hunting. Chronological time was not associated with HEV seropositivity within our data sets. Further study of the distribution of potential dietary or behavioural predictors between high and lower prevalence areas within non‐endemic countries could improve our understanding of the relative importance of specific HEV transmission pathways.     

山西省太原市某规模禽场滑液囊支原体感染紧急流行病学调查

2019年12月,山西省太原市某规模蛋鸡场饲养的蛋鸡出现产蛋率骤降、精神沉郁、关节肿胀等现象。为查明病因,追溯传染源,控制疫病,开展了紧急流行病学调查。截至调查时,该蛋鸡场累计发病1 240只,袭击率为2.5%（1 240/50 000）。综合临床症状和血清学检测结果,确定此次疫情为滑液囊支原体感染。通过调查分析推测,此次疫情最大可能是由父母代种鸡将病原垂直传播给雏鸡导致的,而免疫和当地气温变化应激是诱因。建议严格引种检疫,同时加强饲养管理和生物安全管理,减少应激等诱发因素,降低疫病发生风险。     

两个黄芪亚种染色体数目与核型分析

前人研究认为膜荚黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.）与蒙古黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.var.mongholicus （Bge.）Hsiao）染色体数目为2n=16。本试验采用根尖染色体常规制片方法,观察了膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪种子根尖有丝分裂相。结果显示：膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪染色体数目为2n=18,这2种植物各有4条小染色体。膜荚黄芪染色体核型公式为K（2n）=2x=18=4sm+14m,核型类型为2B型。蒙古黄芪染色体核型公式为K（2n）=2x=18=6sm+12m,核型类型为2C型。     

Toxic pneumonitis caused by inhalation of hydrocarbon waterproofing spray in two dogs

CASE DESCRIPTION: 2 dogs were evaluated because of vomiting and lethargy (a Toy Poodle; dog 1) and acute respiratory distress, vomiting, and anorexia (a Chihuahua; dog 2). Dog 1 had been exposed to a commercial hydrocarbon waterproofing spray 24 hours before the development of clinical signs, and dog 2 was examined 18 hours after exposure to a waterproofing spray containing heptane, a highly flammable liquid hydrocarbon. CLINICAL FINDINGS: In both dogs, major gastrointestinal tract abnormalities were ruled out but respiratory status worsened. Thoracic radiography revealed a diffuse interstitial pulmonary pattern, and hypoxemia was detected. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Hospitalization for monitoring and care was required for both dogs. The dogs recovered with supportive care, which included administration of oxygen, fluids, and bronchodilators. Additionally, dog 1 received glucocorticoids via inhalation and supplemental enteral nutrition, whereas dog 2 was treated with an antimicrobial. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The dogs of this report developed hydrocarbon pneumonitis following exposure to waterproofing sprays. Such sprays contain potentially toxic hydrocarbons. The severity of the adverse effects associated with exposure may have been amplified because the dogs were physically small and were exposed to a relatively large amount of aerosolized spray within small areas. Development of chemical pneumonitis in pet animals is best prevented by application of waterproofing sprays in well-ventilated or outdoor areas from which pets have been excluded. With prolonged hospitalization and considerable monitoring and care, affected dogs can recover from these exposures.     

Tibial plateau symmetry and the effect of osteophytosis on tibial plateau angle measurements

A novel technique was developed to estimate the caudal medial tibial plateau landmark in the face of osteophytosis to improve accuracy in tibial plateau angle measurements. Using this technique, tibial plateau angles were evaluated in 31 normal dogs before and 8 months after right cranial cruciate ligament transection. There was no significant difference in mean tibial plateau angle before or after induction of osteophytosis. Additionally, it was determined that 90% of dogs had a difference of =2 degrees between right and left tibial plateau angles, which was considered symmetrical.     

新牧1号苜蓿两个抗逆相关基因启动子的克隆及分析

采用实时荧光定量PCR分析了新牧1号苜蓿（Medicago varia Xinmu 1）MvNHX1和MvDREB1基因在盐胁迫下的表达情况。此外,根据已获得的MvDREB1和MvNHX1基因序列设计特异引物,并以新牧1号苜蓿的基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到了这两个基因的启动子。利用生物信息学方法,分析这两个基因启动子的类型和结构,结果表明,MvNHX1和MvDREB1基因的启动子序列中均含有通用启动元件和上游调控元件,如CAAT框、TATA框、光响应元件、低温响应元件等,但部分响应元件的种类和数量不同。通过对两个基因启动子的克隆、分析及比较为进一步研究这两个基因的表达调控机制奠定了基础。     

马头山羊线粒体细胞色素b基因遗传多样性研究

测定了马头山羊品种16个个体的细胞色素b基因全序列(1 140 bp),比较分析了群体中细胞色素b基因的碱基组成和序列间碱基的变异情况.结果显示:在该品种(群体)中细胞色素b基因序列中8个变异位点上观察到23次T-C间碱基转换,有11次T-G间碱基颠换发生在密码子第2位点,为非同义突变;观察到6种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.808,核苷酸多样度为0.002 43.以绵羊为外群构建系统发生树(NJ tree).结果显示:马头山羊有两个母系起源,其中支系A占75%(12/16),支系B占25%(4/16).