Effect of Chitosan on Intestinal Bacteria of Allogynogenetic Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus gibelio,as Depicted by polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

A 16S rDNA‐based polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) method was applied to detect intestinal bacterial communities of juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, fed with chitosan‐containing diet. This is the first time to use the molecular method to analyze the bacterial communities in the allogynogenetic crucian carp intestine. The DGGE profile with universal bacterial primers revealed simple communities in all treatment groups. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of excised DGGE bands showed that the dominant bacteria belonged to class γ‐Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria. The relative abundance and diversity of detected bacteria suggested that 0.5 and 0.75% of chitosan in diet were optimum for juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp. As in these concentrations, some detected pathogen bacteria either disappeared or decreased. However, the DGGE profile with Aeromonas‐specific primers showed a similar composition among all treatment groups, which suggested that Aeromonas was one of relative stable bacteria components in the intestine of juvenile allogynogenetic crucian carp.     

水产养殖中亚硝酸盐毒性影响及处理的研究进展

亚硝酸盐是水产养殖系统中常见的污染物,也是影响水体生态环境的重要因素。养殖水体中亚硝酸盐浓度超标会造成鱼类、软体动物、甲壳类等水生动物中毒甚至死亡。本文论述了亚硝酸盐的产生机理、毒性与危害以及治理方法等,以期为安全有效地降解亚硝酸盐、提高水产养殖产业的经济效益、修复生态环境的平衡提供科学依据。     

聚维酮碘对中华绒鳌蟹蟹种急性毒性实验和概率回归分析

本实验为掌握聚维酮碘对中华绒鳌蟹蟹种的半致死剂量(LD50)。通过预实验,得到实验剂量的上限剂量对数值(Xk)和下限剂量对数值(Xi),实验组间距(d),再确定实验组药物浓度。实验设1个对照组,7个实验组药物浓度分别为15.85,19.50,23.99,29.51,36.31,44.67和54.95mg/L。每个实验组放置雌、雄蟹蟹种各10只,平均体重(5.95±0.48)g。以一次性给药方式,观察和记录24h和48h实验蟹种的死亡情况。实验数据采用SAS统计软件中概率单位程序进行概率回归分析。实验结果显示,7个实验组聚维酮碘对中华绒鳌蟹蟹种24h急性毒性试验死亡率分别为0、0、0.15%、0.35%、0.85%、0.95%、100.0%、100.0%。直线回归方程:Y=-16.104 1+11.519 2log(Dose),R2=0.897 4(P>0.8)。24h半致死剂量(LD50)为25.004 86mg/L,95%可置信区间23.313 96~26.806 31mg/L。48h对照组和实验组实验蟹种在24h基础上均无死亡。     

Effect of Bacillus cereus as a water or feed additive on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×10⁵ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.     

基于转录组测序技术挖掘长吻鮠生长关键基因

为挖掘我国名优鱼类长吻鮠 (Leiocassis longirostris)生长相关基因,本研究运用Illumina高通量测序技术比较分析了快速生长组[平均体质量为(534.02±53.68) g]和缓慢生长组[平均体质量为(108.41±4.96) g]各9尾长吻鮠的脑组织基因表达谱。测序共获得267 404 674个高质量测序片段(clean reads),通过2种不同生长速率长吻鮠脑组织转录组比较筛选出518个差异表达基因,其中,412 个基因表达量上调,106个基因表达量下调。对12个差异表达基因进行实时荧光定量PCR验证的结果与转录组测序结果一致。GO功能分类显示,大量差异表达基因富集到生长(growth)、生长因子活性(growth factor activity)和激素介导的信号通路(hormone-mediated signaling pathway) GO条目中。KEGG富集分析显示,一些差异表达基因在MAPK信号通路(MAPK signaling pathway)、转化生长因子β信号通路(TGF-beta signaling pathway)、钙离子信号通路(calcium signaling pathway)和神经活性配体–受体相互作用(neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction)等途径中富集。根据GO功能注释和KEGG富集分析,筛选出gnrh、thr、egr1、fgf18、sst、gipr、cart和crf等基因是调控长吻鮠生长发育的关键候选基因。本研究结果为后续深入研究长吻鮠生长调控机制提供了重要的参考资料。     

枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂对玉米大斑病的田间防效

玉米大斑病发生期,在田间采用不同处理方式对玉米大斑病进行处理,并测定其对玉米大斑病的田间防治效果及其对玉米的安全性。结果表明,4种施药处理对玉米大斑病均有一定防效,枯草芽孢杆菌单次用量300g/hm2喷药2次、450g/hm2喷药1次、300g/hm2加高效助剂有机硅75g/hm2喷药2次、450g/hm2加高效助剂有机硅75g/hm2喷药1次的防治效果分别为81.25%,68.45%,82.63%,74.33%;试验剂量范围内,枯草芽孢杆菌对玉米生长安全;其中,枯草芽孢杆菌单次用量300g/hm2喷药2次对玉米大斑病有很好的防治作用,可在生产上大面积使用。     

以嘉陵江为例构建并分析有毒鱼类风险评估体系

摘要：为提高人们对淡水有毒鱼类的认知、增强公众的防范意识、减少不必要的损失,也为有毒鱼类的深入研究奠定基础,本研究初步构建了有毒鱼类风险评估体系,并对嘉陵江已知的18种有毒鱼类展开应用探索。该风险评估体系从有毒鱼类毒性属性、群体属性以及社会属性展开,共包括3个一级指标、8个二级指标和26个三级指标。通过对各有毒鱼类的各指标赋值,其后,根据各指标已确定的权重,从而得出各有毒鱼类的风险评估值,确定其风险等级。结果显示,在嘉陵江已知的18种有毒鱼类中,有4种被界定为高风险有毒鱼类,包括草鱼、鲤、鲇以及鳜,其余14种皆为中风险有毒鱼类。卡方检验（χ2）结果表明,嘉陵江不同风险等级有毒鱼类在食性类别、分布水层、分布范围及繁殖特征上差异不显著（P＞0.05）。该评估体系具有一定的实用价值,但限于对有毒鱼类的认知,本评估体系难免存在不足,未来应当加强对有毒鱼类的研究,以不断地完善该评估体系。本研究加强了人们对于有毒鱼类的了解,为有毒鱼类的科学管理提供了支撑,同时,也为下一步研究奠定了基础。     

红松人工林地表针叶可燃物燃烧PM2.5排放影响因子

目的为研究森林火灾对大气环境中PM_2.5的贡献量, 分析不同火环境下地表可燃物排放PM_2.5的变化特征, 以期为森林火灾排放颗粒物污染提供依据。方法本实验以帽儿山地区红松人工林地表针叶可燃物为研究对象, 铺设不同可燃物载量和可燃物含水率组合方式的可燃物床层, 基于燃烧风洞实验室进行点烧实验192次, 并利用崂应2050型智能空气/TSP综合采样器定量测量不同风速条件下可燃物燃烧释放烟气中细颗粒污染物(PM_2.5)浓度。结果在可燃物载量、可燃物含水率和风速的共同作用下, PM_2.5质量浓度值有很大的变化区间, 最小值为166.7μg/m3, 最大值为7516μg/m3。各因子对PM_2.5质量浓度的影响差异较明显, 从大到小的顺序为:可燃物载量＞风速＞可燃物含水率。通过多因素方差分析表明, 可燃物含水率与PM_2.5质量浓度没有明显的相关性(P＞0.05), 可燃物载量和风速与PM_2.5质量浓度相关关系显著(P＜0.05), 且可燃物载量与风速存在显著的交互作用(P＜0.05)。以双因素模型拟合PM_2.5质量浓度预测模型, 可燃物载量和风速共同解释77%的PM_2.5质量浓度变差。结论红松针叶燃烧对大气颗粒物污染有明显的贡献作用。PM_2.5质量浓度对可燃物含水率、可燃物载量和风速的响应程度存在明显差异, 与可燃物载量和风速呈显著正相关, 与可燃物含水率关系不明显。本研究以可燃物载量和风速为预报因子构建的PM_2.5质量浓度预测模型具有较高的精准度, 可以为估算森林火灾排放PM_2.5质量浓度提供理论基础。      

水杨酸诱导花生对叶斑病抗性研究初报

本试验对３至４叶期花生幼苗分别用 １、３、和 ５ｍｍｏｌ浓度的水杨酸叶面喷雾处理．在 成株发病盛期进行病情调查．结果表明,各处理揭斑病病情指数分别比对照下降４２．４％。 ３０．０％、 ３６． ３％．由此认为,水杨酸诱导花生对报斑病抗性具有较好的作用．此外,对各处理组进 行了酯酶,细胞色素氧化酶以及ＳＤＳ蛋白电泳分析．发现它们的图谱均有不同程度的变化．但其 分子变化是否与抗病性的提高有关,有待进一步研究．     

Responses of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson) to low‐protein diets and subsequent recovery

A 4‐week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effect of low‐protein diets on the growth and amino acid (AA) composition of yellow catfish, and subsequent recovery when the fish were then switched back to the control diet for a further 4 weeks. Three isolipidic and isocaloric diets containing 390 g kg^?1 (Control), 320 g kg^?1 (D320) and 260 g kg^?1 (D260) graded protein levels were evaluated. During the protein restriction period, specific growth rate (SGR) of D320‐and D260‐treated fish was significantly reduced by 20.79% and 29.21% compared to the control fish, respectively (P < 0.05), while significant improvements in protein retention efficiencies were observed in fish fed with the D320 (12.82%) and D260 (19.58%) diets (P < 0.05). The D260‐treated fish had significantly lower (0.87%) whole‐body essential amino acid (EAA) and significantly higher (0.74%) non‐essential amino aci (NEAA) concentrations compared to the control fish. After a 4‐week realimentation, significant increases in the SGR of the protein‐restricted fish were observed. However, no significant differences in the whole‐body EAA or NEAA concentrations among groups were observed (P > 0.05). The results indicate that previously protein‐restricted yellow catfish can compensate completely in terms of final body weight, growth rate and whole‐body AA concentrations.