浑河太子河流域景观格局时空动态分析

基于1988、1997、2004年浑河太子河流域TM和ETM遥感影像,应用GIS技术,采用转移矩阵、景观指数和kappa指数系列方法,对浑河太子河流域1988～2004年间景观格局的变化进行了综合研究.浑河太子河流域的景观格局在研究时问内发生了较大的变化.城镇和农村居民点面积大幅增加主要是由有林地和水田转化而来;水域而积明显增加;水田、旱地和草地面积持续减少;有林地和灌木林面积变化不大;景观格局总体的变化趋势是形状趋于复杂、异质性增加、破碎化加剧,人为干扰的影响较明显.kappa指数系列的结果表明:主要的景观类型变化幅度小,而在数量和位置上变化较大的水域、城镇和农村居民点用地因在研究区所占比例小其变化没有被表现出来.综合应用各景观格局研究方法能够全面地反映景观的变化,Kappa指数方法是格局指数等方法的有效补充.     

Historic and current fire regimes in the Great Xing’an Mountains,northeastern China: Implications for long-term forest management

Understanding both historic and current fire regimes is indispensable to sustainable forest landscape management. In this paper, we use a spatially explicit landscape simulation model, LANDIS, to simulate historic and current fire regimes in the Great Xing’an Mountains, in northeastern China. We analyzed fire frequency, fire size, fire intensity, and spatial pattern of burnt patches. Our simulated results show that fire frequency under the current fire scenario is lower than under the historic fire scenario; total area burnt is larger with lower fire intensity under the historic fire scenario, and smaller with higher fire intensity under the current fire scenario. We also found most areas were burned by high intensity fires under the current fire scenario, but by low to moderate fires under the historic fire scenario. Burnt patches exhibit a different pattern between the two simulation scenarios. Large patches burnt by high intensity class fires dominate the landscape under the current fire scenario, and under historic fire scenario, patches burnt by low to moderate fire intensity fires have relatively larger size than those burnt by high intensity fires. Based on these simulated results, we suggest that prescribed burning or coarse woody debris reduction should be incorporated into forest management plans in this region, especially on north-facing slopes. Tree planting may be a better management option on these severely burned areas whereas prescribed burning after small area selective cutting, retaining dispersed seed trees, may be a sound forest management alternative in areas except for the severely burned patches.     

Tree morphology responds to neighbourhood competition and slope in species-rich forests of subtropical China

Trees are able to respond to their local biotic and abiotic environment with morphological adjustments which improve resource acquisition and, thus, growth. In forests, light is broadly recognised as one of the major factors determining growth, and morphological responses comprise changes in crown architecture and stem stature. On sloping terrain, the interplay of phototropism and gravitropism may further affect morphological growth characteristics. However, different tree species are expected to show species-specific responses. In this study, we analysed three growth characteristics of tree individuals belonging to four species of two functional groups (evergreen: Schima superba, Castanopsis eyrei, deciduous: Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata, Castanea henryi) in a species-rich Chinese subtropical forest. Crown projection area, relative crown displacement and stem inclination were related to biotic (local species richness, functional richness, competition, stand age) and abiotic (slope aspect and inclination, soil depth) variables in the local neighbourhood of the tree individuals. We hypothesised that (i) there are species-specific differences in the morphological response of crown architecture and stem stature and (ii) that crown size and asymmetry as well as stem inclination are influenced by both, biotic and abiotic factors. In contrast to our expectations we were unable to reveal any species-specific differences in any of the three growth characteristics. The results of mixed effects models showed that crown area was mainly affected by the target tree's dbh and biotic variables related to neighbours (competition, functional diversity), whereas stem inclination was mainly influenced by slope. Relative crown displacement was influenced by both, biotic and abiotic variables. We conclude that growth responses resulting in crown displacement and stem inclination seem to be an important mechanism to ameliorate foraging for light in our study area, but that these responses appear to be species-independent. The interplay of stem inclination and crown displacement allows for a plastic response of tree individuals in biotically and abiotically heterogeneous environments. Our results indicate that forest management in this region should focus on functionally diverse stands which are promoting crown area positively resulting in increased growth rates of individual trees.     

薄壳山核桃雌花发育的解剖学研究

为掌握薄壳山核桃(Carya illinoinensis)雌花花芽发育规律,应用了石蜡切片技术,从显微水平上对浙江省建德市12年生薄壳山核桃花芽发育各阶段特征进行观察,结果表明:薄壳山核桃马罕(Mahan)雌花发育过程可分为4个时期,分别是分化初期、花序分化期、雌花总苞形成期和雌蕊形成和发育期,在分化初期雌花芽与叶芽无区别,顶端呈圆球状;花序分化期形成两个以上椭圆状小花原基;雌花总苞形成期总苞略呈四方形,中央部位形成雌蕊原基并进一步分化出胚珠原基;雌蕊形成和发育期胚珠继续发育,胚囊形成.准确确定薄壳山核桃马罕雌花发育各个关键时期可为合理品种配置及人工授粉提供依据.     

薄壳山核桃雄花花芽分化的解剖学研究

为掌握薄壳山核桃(Carya illinoinensis)雄花花芽分化规律,采用石蜡切片方法从显微水平上对浙江建德薄壳山核桃花芽发育过程各阶段特征进行观察,结果表明:3月中下旬分化初期,雄花芽与叶芽无区别;3月下旬鳞片分化期,花序基部逐渐形成突起,进入鳞片化阶段;4月上旬苞片分化期,雄花序自上而下形成弯月形苞片原基,花序顶部呈馒头状;4月中旬进入雄花原基分化期,由苞片基部逐渐形成突起状雄花原基;4月下旬雄蕊原基出现,形成雄蕊原基,产生花药;4月下旬至5月上旬花药分化形成期,花药内形成花粉囊,花粉散出,花序凋谢.     

逆转录环介导等温扩增技术检测草莓潜隐环斑病毒的研究

采用环介导等温扩增技术（loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP）,建立了草莓潜隐环斑病毒（Strawberry latent ringspot virus, SLRSV）检测方法。根据SLRSV外壳蛋白编码基因上的8个位点,共设计了6条引物,通过逆转录环介导等温扩增得到特征性的瀑布状条带。特异性试验表明,引物对SLRSV的检测具有良好的特异性;灵敏度试验显示RT-LAMP的灵敏度比普通RT-PCR高出100倍。该方法无需特殊的试剂和设备,只需在水浴锅中65 ℃等温扩增,整个检测周期约1.5 h,结果采用SYBR green I染色显示,易于观察和判定。     

分子标记预测作物杂种优势的研究进展

杂种优势育种是蔬菜作物的一种重要育种技术。国内外利用RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR等分子标记技术开展了作物杂种优势预测的方法研究,取得了富有启示性的研究结果。本文分析和述评了国内外作物杂种优势分子预测的遗传距离法、杂种优势类群法、QTL法认为基于QTL的杂种优势类群和遗传距离相结合的方法将是作物杂种优势预测研究今后的研究重点和热点,并最有可能在育种实践中得以应用。     

夏玉米产量与水分关系及其高效用水灌溉制度

依据灌溉试验资料,研究了水分胁迫对夏玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响,建立了产量与水分关系的数学模型,分析给出了大田夏玉米的高效用水灌溉定额,并用动态规划技术优化得出了夏玉米的最优灌水时间和每次的灌水定额。结果表明,各生育时段的水分胁迫对夏玉米的生育和产量均会造成不利影响,其中尤以抽雄～吐丝期前后４０天左右缺水对产量影响最大,其次为拔节期缺水;在１９９７年夏玉米生育期降雨量只有１３７ｍｍ的条件下,得出其最优灌溉定额为１９６６．０８ｍ３／ｈｍ２,３次灌水时间分别为７月４日、７月２８日和８月１６日。