鳜嗜水气单胞菌GYK1株胞外产物提取、纯化及生物学活性分析

以鳜分离的嗜水气单胞菌GYK1株为代表,采用玻璃纸覆盖技术提取了8株嗜水气单胞菌和1株温和气单胞菌的胞外产物,SDS-PAGE电泳分析显示,8株嗜水气单胞菌的胞外产物均有35kDa的共同蛋白带。酶活性和溶血性分析表明,GYK1株胞外产物具有酪蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、明胶酶活性,但不具备脲酶活性;溶血性较强,蛋白浓度为365μg·mL-1的胞外产物对鳜血细胞的溶血价为213,对加州鲈、银鲫、小白鼠、兔、绵羊、人O型血的红细胞的溶血价在211~214之间。应用聚丙烯酰胺葡聚糖凝胶柱层析,对GYK1株的胞外产物进行了初步纯化,得到分子量为35kDa的蛋白带,该纯化产物具溶血性,但溶血性比粗胞外产物降低,对鳜和小鼠血细胞的溶血价均为25。     

鲮鱼、麦瑞加拉鲮鱼和露斯塔野鲮的染色体组型比较

近年来,人们对维科染色体的研究报道甚多,认为其染色体的基本二倍数为2N=50和2N=48,变异范围在2N=44～200之间。Gold等认为北美洲已见核型报道的绝大多数鱼类为2N=50。但欧亚大陆大多数为2N=48～50。Arai对欧亚大陆已研究过核型的141种鲤科鱼进行了分析,提出2N=50是鲤科鱼最原始的核型。周暾等对中国鲤科核型的研究也做了大量的工作并得出与Arai一致的结论。     

Characterization of the DNA nucleotide sequences in the genome of red sea bream iridoviruses isolated in Korea

The nucleotide sequences of DNA fragments amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from four different genomic regions of nine red sea bream iridoviruses (RSIVs) isolated from different species of fish, different areas and in different years in Korea were compared with the reported reference sequences. One isolate, RSIV Namhae, showed 100% homology to the reference sequences, while the other eight isolates, which appeared to contain identical nucleotide sequences, showed 96.6–98.9% homology with reference sequences depending upon the target regions of PCR gene amplification. However, differences in nucleotide sequences were not apparent between the RSIVs isolated in different locations, in different years or in different host species. We also cloned and sequenced the 3′ end flanking region (K1) of the DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene using the cassette ligation-mediated PCR method. This sequence was 4436-bp long and possessed two open reading frames (ORF-1 and ORF-2) oriented in opposite directions. The putative proteins encoded by these two ORFs could not be characterized by comparison with the proteins of other species in the data banks. The presence of the ribonucleotide reductase small subunit (RNRS) gene at the 3′ end of the K1 region allowed us to determine that these two genes, RNRS and DPOL, are separated 5508 bp and oriented in the same direction in the genome of RSIV. Moreover, it is of interest that a PstI-restriction fragment, of which the sequence but not the location within the RSIV genome had previously been reported, is located at nucleotide positions from 1096 to 2054, extending from within the ORF-1 region, spanning the intervening sequence between ORF-1 and ORF-2, and extending into the ORF-2 region. Various repeating sequences up to 86 bp were present at the 3′ ends of ORFs, especially within the nucleotide sequences at the 3′ terminus of ORF-2. No similarities were detected when the DNA sequences of the K1 region were compared to the DNA sequences of a repetitive element in the genome of other iridoviruses.     

Use of marine yeasts as an available diet for mass cultures of Moina macrocopa

A 4‐week feeding trial was conducted to test the use of marine yeasts purified from seawater and sediments as a dietary source in cultivating a cladoceran, Moina macrocopa, a potential alternative live food for fish larvae. Optimal growth conditions of two yeast strains were obtained for NaCl concentration, pH and temperature. Moina macrocopa was cultivated using different diets: marine yeasts (Debaryomyces hansenii Yeast‐14 and Candida austromarina Yeast‐16) and a commercial diet (Erythrobacter sp. Sπ‐I). The essential amino acids of both the yeast strains were nearly as great as those in M. microcopa. Further, the yeast‐fed M. macrocopa had essential amino acid profiles similar to the documented values for rotifers and Artemia enriched in microalgae and commercial diets. Erythrobacter sp. Sπ‐I lacked n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3, which were also low but detected in both yeasts. An increase in the 20:5n‐3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and 22:6n‐3 [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] levels, compared with the levels in yeast strains themselves, was more pronounced in the 22:6n‐3 level of Moina fed the C. austromarina, resulting in a high DHA:EPA ratio. When the Moina diets were switched, their δ¹³C values shifted gradually towards the values of the switched diets. Diet switch from Erythrobacter sp. Sπ‐I to C. austromarina Yeast‐16 resulted in a more rapid turnover of Moina tissue carbon than that in the inverse case. When fed a mixed diet, the δ¹³C values of Moina tissue approached the value of marine yeasts immediately. These temporal changes in the δ¹³C values of Moina tissue indicate the preferential ingestion of marine yeasts and a selective assimilation of the carbon originated from marine yeasts. These findings suggest that marine yeasts, particularly C. austromarina Yeast‐16, are highly available to mass cultures of M. macrocopa, providing better nutritional and dietary values than the commercial diet (Erythrobacter sp. Sπ‐I).     

Balenine,imidazole dipeptide,induces activation of superoxide dismutase in myotubes

Balenine is one of the endogenous imidazole dipeptides. It is composed of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-l-histidine, which exist mainly in the muscles and the brain. The exact biological properties of balenine are still not well known, although the antioxidant activity of carnosine, another imidazole dipeptide, is known. In this study we investigated whether balenine exhibits antioxidant activity. It was found to decrease the superoxide anion (O₂⁻) and increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) generation. We found that SOD activity increased in balenine-treated C2C12 myotubes, although balenine did not increase expression of SOD mRNA. On the other hand, there were no changes in other antioxidant enzymes, CAT and GPX activity, and mRNA levels. In an in vitro assay, the direct activation of SOD treated by balenine was significantly higher than with carnosine treatment. Moreover, balenine constituent amino acids did not have the ability to activate SOD. Our results suggest that balenine contributes to antioxidant effects through activation of SOD.

     

Design guidelines for the Dashilar,Beijing Open Green Space Redevelopment Project

When an urban redevelopment project is planned, the design needs to reflect the preferences of the users of the planned space. In China, however, the preferences of residents have rarely been reflected in projects dealing with public places such as open green spaces in urban settings. This paper employs three independent conjoint analyses covering components of open green space, including locational conditions, physical conditions, and greenery conditions in order to propose the most preferable design for a new open green space. The results of choice simulation showed that the users prefer the private garden style to the general public park style for the new open green space in Dashilar. Our research with three independent conjoint analyses is expected to provide specific guidelines for open green space design as a whole, which is intended to satisfy potential users of the space.     

不同饵料及其组合对黑鲍幼鲍生长及存活的影响

试验研究人工配合饲料、细基江蓠繁枝变种(Gracilaria tenuistipitata)(下称江蓠)、江蓠 裂片石莼(Ulva faxciata)、江蓠 肠浒苔(Enteromorpha intesinalis)、江蓠 裂片石莼 肠浒苔共5种饵料搭配方式对黑鲍幼鲍生长和存活的影响。试验进行35d,结果表明:(1)不同试验组之间的幼鲍的存活没有显著影响(P>0.05)。(2)不同试验处理对幼鲍的生长有显著影响(P<0.05)。江蓠 浒苔组、人工配合饲料组的黑鲍的特定生长率都显著大于其它饵料组(P<0.05);饲喂混合海藻的黑鲍的特定生长率显著大于单一海藻组(P<0.05)。壳长增长率、湿重增重率和干重增重率亦呈相似趋势。(3)幼鲍对不同饵料组合的转化效率存在显著差异(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,在水温较高时用江蓠、石莼和浒苔组成的混合饵料代替人工配合饲料饲养幼鲍,同样可以达到高的生长率。     

海南省琼中县橡胶园土壤磷素空间变异特征及磷肥分区管理分析

运用地统计学和GIS相结合对琼中县橡胶园土壤磷素营养进行了空间变异特征及分区管理研究。结果表明,琼中县胶园各土层土壤全磷和有效磷含量的最大相关距离是17.23~52.09 km,全磷含量以大块状变异为主,有效磷含量各等级的分布为大、小块状交叉分布;琼中县橡胶园0~20 cm土层、20~40 cm土层全磷含量处于第五等级的极低水平的比例分别为91.22%和82.8%,0~20 cm土层有效磷含量多数处于中等偏上水平,而20~40 cm土层有效磷含量处于第5等级及以下的极低水平的比例为60.6%;应用空间叠加方法,进行了橡胶园土壤磷素管理分区,琼中县胶园可分为11个管理分区,在胶园施肥管理中应根据不同管理分区的特点采取不同的磷素营养管理措施。     

长江、黄河流域棉花生产发展趋势与政策建议

近年来,长江流域和黄河流域棉区棉花面积和产量波动下滑,生产成本增加。从发展趋势来看,一方面棉花生产仍有一定的发展潜力,另一方面生产成本高涨使其处于市场劣势。为促进两大棉区生产平稳发展,建议以节本增效为目标,着力培育新型经营主体,加大生产补贴力度,加强社会化服务,提高轻简化和机械化水平,探索生态补偿机制,加大盐碱、滩涂荒地植棉扶持力度,开展良好棉花生产示范,治理棉田污染。     

3种监测工具对棉盲蝽的诱测效果

为探索不同监测工具对棉盲蝽的诱测效果,确定可应用生产的监测工具,2011—2013年在江苏南通沿海地区棉田进行了3种不同监测工具诱集棉盲蝽的试验。试验表明,频振12#灯对盲蝽诱测效果好,诱虫量大,峰期峰次明显,能较准确地反映当地棉田主要种群绿盲蝽成虫的发生规律,且省工节时,降低了测报人员的劳动强度,值得在生产上推广使用。