北京山区侧柏林蒸散组分d18O的确定及其定量区分

基于稳定同位素技术,对北京山区侧柏林蒸散各组分的δ~(18)O 进行了确定,并定量区分了蒸散量中蒸腾量和蒸发量所占的比例。在对侧柏林大气水汽氧同位素组成δV进行原位连续观测的同时,选择典型晴天对侧柏枝条和土壤进行野外采样,并结合室内分析分别获得了枝条和土壤水中的氧同位素值。结果显示:(1)用Craig-Gordon方程估测的4个测定日δE介于(-20.26‰)~(-17.48‰),δS介于(-5.22‰)~(1.75‰),δV介于(-19.09‰)~(-16.21‰),δSδVδE。表明在蒸发过程中,土壤蒸发水汽~(18)O 明显贫化;(2)基于稳态假设,4个测定日侧柏林δT介于(-7.31‰)~(-2.09‰);用Keeling曲线拟合的δET介于(-8.21‰)~(-3.84‰),且方程的相关性均大于0.89,δEδETδT,说明日中时满足氧同位素稳态假设;(3)在获得了δE、δT及δET的情况下,对侧柏林蒸散量进行定量区分的研究结果显示:4个测定日侧柏林蒸腾量占总的蒸散量的比例介于85.37%~93.04%。研究结果表明,侧柏林蒸腾量是蒸散量的主要组成部分,蒸腾耗水远远大于蒸发耗水。     

Is GRO J1744-28 a strange star?

The unusual hard x-ray burster GRO J1744-28 recently discovered by the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory can be modeled as a strange star with a dipolar magnetic field of 相似文献   

Influence of preservation methods on the quality of colostrum sourced from New Zealand dairy farms

Abstract

AIMS: To assess the effect of two temperatures (ambient temperature and 4°C), three preservation methods (no preservative, yoghurt and potassium sorbate), and two periods of storage (3 and 7 days) on Brix and total bacterial and coliform counts of colostrum collected from New Zealand dairy farms.

METHODS: One litre of colostrum destined to be fed to newborn calves was collected from 55 New Zealand dairy farms in the spring of 2015. Six aliquots of 150 mL were obtained from each colostrum sample, with two aliquots left untreated, two treated with potassium sorbate and two with yoghurt, and one of each pair of aliquots stored at ambient temperature and the other at 4°C. All samples were tested for Brix, total bacterial counts and coliform counts before treatment (Day 0), and after 3 and 7 days of storage. The effect of preservation method and storage temperature on the change in Brix, bacterial and coliform counts after 3 or 7 days of storage was analysed using multivariable random effects models.

RESULTS: For all outcome variables there was a temperature by preservation interaction. For aliquots preserved with potassium sorbate, changes in Brix and bacterial counts did not differ between aliquots stored at ambient temperature or 4°C, but for aliquots preserved with yoghurt or no preservative the decrease in Brix and increase in bacterial counts was greater for aliquots stored at ambient temperature than 4°C (p<0.001). For aliquots preserved with potassium sorbate, coliform counts decreased at both temperatures, but for aliquots preserved with yoghurt or no preservative coliform counts increased for aliquots stored at 4°C, but generally decreased at ambient temperatures (p<0.001). There was also an interaction between duration of storage and temperature for bacterial counts (p<0.001). The difference in the increase in bacterial counts between aliquots stored at 4°C and ambient temperature after 3 days was greater than between aliquots stored at 4°C and ambient temperature after 7 days.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of potassium sorbate to preserve colostrum for 3 or 7 days resulted in little or no reduction in Brix and a lower increase in total bacterial counts than colostrum stored without preservative or with yoghurt added. Colostrum quality was not affected by storage temperature for samples preserved with potassium sorbate, but storage at 4°C resulted in better quality colostrum than storage at ambient temperatures for colostrum with no preservative or yoghurt added.     

Associations between management practices and colostrum quality on New Zealand dairy farms

Abstract

AIMS: To describe colostrum quality in spring-calving dairy herds in New Zealand, in terms of Brix, pH and total and coliform bacterial counts and to investigate associations between farm management practices and these measures of colostrum quality.

METHODS: In June 2015, commercial dairy farms (n=105), located in North and South Islands of New Zealand, were visited shortly after the first cows had calved, and when approximately 50% and 80% of the herd had calved (early, middle and late visits). One litre of pooled colostrum that was being fed to newborn calves was collected at each visit and used to determine Brix, pH, total bacterial and coliform counts. A survey of calf management practices was conducted with the herd manager or calf rearer after the final visit.

RESULTS: Of 298 pooled colostrum samples tested 29/298 (9.7%) had Brix >22%. Brix was higher on farms where calves were picked up twice daily compared with once daily (18.2 (95% CI=16.5–19.9)% vs. 15.9% (95% CI=15.2–16.6)%; p=0.012), and was lower where first milking colostrum was combined with colostrum obtained at later milkings (15.0 (95% CI=13.9–16.1)%) compared with where it was not (16.9 (95% CI=16.3–17.6)%; p=0.002). Vaccination of all cows against calf diarrhoeal pathogens was associated with increased Brix compared with no vaccination (18.1 (95% CI=16.6–19.6)% vs. 16.3 (95% CI=15.6–17.0)%; p=0.033). Mean pH of samples tested decreased from 5.97 (95% CI=5.84–6.09) to 5.58 (95% CI=5.45–5.71) for early and late-season visits, respectively (p<0.001). Of 268 samples tested, 23 (8.6%) had bacterial counts below the recommended threshold of 1.00×10⁵ cfu/mL. Mean bacterial counts increased from 2.75 (95% CI=1.80–3.70)×10⁸ to 4.99 (95% CI=3.95–6.03)×10⁸ cfu/mL for early and late-season visits, respectively (p<0.001). Of 259 samples tested, 23 (8.9%) had coliform counts below the recommended threshold of 1.00×10⁴ cfu/mL.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: On a large majority of dairy farms included in this study the pooled colostrum fed to newborn calves had sub-optimal Brix and excessive bacterial counts. Farm-level risk factors such as twice daily pick up of calves from the paddocks, herd vaccination and feeding pooled colostrum that did not combine colostrum obtained at later milkings with first milking colostrum were associated with colostrum quality measures.     

Calf and colostrum management practices on New Zealand dairy farms and their associations with concentrations of total protein in calf serum

AIMS: To gather information on management practices and farmer attitudes to management of cows and calves during the immediate post-partum period on dairy farms in New Zealand, and to assess these practices for associations with concentrations of total protein (TP) in serum of calves 1–8 days-old.

METHOD: Between July and September 2015 blood samples were collected from calves aged between 24 hours and 7 days, from dairy farms (n=105) in nine areas in New Zealand, on three occasions throughout the calving period. Concentrations of TP were determined in all serum samples. At each visit technicians collected 1?L of the pooled colostrum that was intended for feeding to newborn calves that day. These samples were assessed for Brix, coliform and total bacterial counts. After the last sampling visit, the calf rearer or farm manager were asked to complete a questionnaire describing calf and colostrum management practices on the farm. Potential farm-level variables associated with concentrations of TP in serum of sampled calves were identified using univariable and multivariable linear mixed models.

RESULTS: Mean concentration of TP in serum of calves across all farms was 59.8 (95% CI=59.4–60.2) g/L, and was associated with region and herd size in the final multivariable model. Concentrations of TP were lower in calves from farms in Otago (56.2 (95% CI=53.4–58.9) g/L) and Southland (56.9 (95% CI=54.1–59.7) g/L) compared to calves on farms in the Far North (62.6 (95% CI=59.8–65.3) g/L), and were lower in calves from farms with a herd size >600 (58.3 (95% CI=56.7–59.8) g/L) than ≤600 (61.3 (95% CI=60.1–62.5) g/L) cows. After accounting for fixed effects, farm accounted for only 8.4% of the unexplained variation. There was no association between any of the measures of colostrum quality and concentrations of TP in serum (p>0.2).

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Very few herd-level variables were associated with concentrations of TP in serum. Risk factors that have been shown to be of importance in previous studies outside New Zealand were not identified as important in the current study. It is possible that, in the situation where calves are kept at pasture with their dams for prolonged periods, variables which influence how well a cow can feed its calf in the first 12–24 hours have a larger influence on concentrations of TP in serum than the collection and management of calves once they reach the rearing shed.     

宁夏2个桃品种开花坐果期霜冻指标试验研究

为提高宁夏桃园布局合理性及霜冻监测预测、评估和防御能力，以‘华玉’和‘瑞光39号’桃品种为研究对象，采用野外霜冻试验箱模拟低温环境，于2022年4—5月开展霜冻原位试验，于盛花期、豆果期和幼果期各设置4个处理温度，分别持续0.5 h,以自然状态下的花朵和幼果为对照，跟踪调查不同低温处理下2个桃品种各发育期的受冻率，并结合室内显微观测及过冷却点，最终确定宁夏2个桃品种花(幼果)的霜冻等级指标。原位霜冻模拟试验结果表明，果树受冻害温度可能略高于其过冷却点。桃不同发育期霜冻指标有显著差异，桃抗冻能力开花期>豆果期>幼果期。不同品种抗冻能力差异显著，开花期‘瑞光39号’与‘华玉’抗冻能力基本相当，但豆果期和幼果期其抗冻能力明显弱于‘华玉’。‘华玉’豆果在-1.10℃时轻度受冻，在-2.68℃重度受冻，而‘瑞光39号’在-0.96℃时轻度受冻，低于-2.16℃低温时重度受冻。‘华玉’幼果在-1.75～-0.48℃轻度受冻，低于-2.40℃则重度受冻；‘瑞光39号’幼果在温度达到-0.52℃时轻度受冻，遇-1.41℃低温则遭受重度受冻。