Correction to: Spatial and seasonal variations of radiocesium concentrations in an algae-grazing annual fish,ayu Plecoglossus altivelis collected from Fukushima Prefecture in 2014

Fisheries Science - In the original publication the caption of Fig. 6a and 6b is incorrectly published.     

Chlorfenapyr resistance in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae: stability, cross-resistance and monitoring of resistance

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a key pest of many agricultural crops. Studies of stability of resistance, cross-resistance relationships and monitoring of chlorfenapyr resistance were carried out with T. urticae to provide basic information necessary to define effective acaricide resistance management strategies for this pest. Chlorfenapyr resistance was shown to be stable in the absence of selection pressure under laboratory conditions. The activities of seven different acaricides against chlorfenapyr-resistant and -susceptible strains of T. urticae were evaluated. The results indicated possible positive cross-resistance between chlorfenapyr and the acaricides abamectin, propargite and etoxazole. No cross-resistance was detected for the acaricides milbemectin, fenpyroximate and diafenthiuron. A possible negatively correlated cross-resistance was observed between chlorfenapyr and spiromesifen. The evaluation of 21 T. urticae populations from several crops in the States of São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Goiás, and Bahia, in Brazil, indicated that the susceptibility of mites to chlorfenapyr was variable, with percentages of resistant mites ranging from 0.0 to 86.5%. The highest resistance frequencies were observed in ornamental plants in the State of São Paulo. Some populations from cotton and papaya also presented high frequencies of chlorfenapyr resistance. This is the first report on chlorfenapyr resistance in T. urticae on cotton and papaya in Brazil. Strategies for the management of acaricide resistance are discussed.     

Occurrence of Potato virus Y strain PVYNTN in foundation seed potatoes in Japan,and screening for symptoms in Japanese potato cultivars

In 2008 and 2009 seasons, a sudden increase in Potato virus Y (PVY) incidence was recorded in foundation seed potatoes in Hokkaido, northern Japan. This increase was obvious during the field inspection and the postharvest indexing. Molecular typing revealed that besides the previously reported strains of PVY^O and PVY^NA‐N, the most common strain identified was the recombinant PVY^NTN, with three characteristic recombinant junctions at the HC‐Pro, VPg and CP regions. No potato tuber necrotic ringspot disease (PTNRD) was observed in foundation seed potatoes in correlation with the presence of PVY^NTN. Moreover, an isolate with a typical PVY^NTN recombinant genome, namely Eu‐12Jp, did not induce PTNRD in 62 Japanese potato cultivars tested in both primarily and secondarily infected plants. Two cultivars carrying the extreme resistance gene Ry_chc were resistant to the infection with Eu‐12Jp, which presents potential sources of resistance to PVY^NTN. Eu‐12Jp induced systemic mottle in potato cultivars Desiree and King Edward carrying resistance genes Ny and Nc, respectively, but induced a hypersensitive reaction in potato cultivar Maris Bard, with the Nz hypothetical resistance gene typical of the PVY^Z strain group. Therefore, based on the genome structure and the reaction of the potato N resistance genes, Eu‐12Jp should be classified as PVY^Z‐NTN, as described for isolates from Idaho, USA recently. This is the first report of PVY^Z‐NTN in Japan and the sudden and increased occurrence of PVY^NTN/PVY^Z‐NTN represents a potential risk of PTNRD developing and increases the significance of PVY in Japan.     

Vertical Distribution of Carbonyl Sulfide at Mt. Fuji, Japan

Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) mixing ratios measured over 24 h during five summer campaigns (2003–2007) in a forest at the foot of Mt. Fuji, Japan (35°21′ N, 138°43′ E; 1,300 m above sea level, a.s.l.) and at the summit (3,776 m a.s.l.) were compared. COS levels were lower at the foot than at the summit during four out of five summer campaigns. The ratios of COS mixing ratios at the foot of Mt. Fuji to those at the summit ranged from 0.7 to 0.9. These results provide evidence of biological consumption of COS in the East Asian atmospheric boundary layer. We also measured the vertical profile of ambient COS below the forest canopy. These data showed a clear gradient of COS mixing ratio: in the lowermost 1 m of the boundary layer, COS mixing ratios decreased markedly downward. Two of the different kinds of vertical distribution of COS presented here support the role of soil as a sink of atmospheric COS described by previous research using dynamic enclosure experiments.     

Sorption Behavior of Arsenate by Mg-Bearing Minerals at Hyperalkaline Condition: Implications for Oxyanions Sequestration During the Use and Disposal of Alkaline Wastes

The utilization and disposal of alkaline waste materials such as slag and coal fly ash as cement aggregates and raw materials in cement manufacturing can pose environmental and health hazards because these waste materials usually contain elevated concentration of toxic elements. This study examined the possibility of controlling the pore water chemistry of these waste materials in order to induce the secondary mineral formation of Mg-bearing minerals as major sorbing solids for oxyanions during the utilization and disposal of alkaline wastes. The formation of Mg-bearing minerals was examined at ambient temperature and alkaline pH conditions in the Mg?CSi?CAl system. The interaction of Mg-bearing minerals with oxyanions using arsenate as an analog was examined during and after mineral formation. The results revealed that the generated Mg-bearing mineral phases were smectite and brucite in Mg?CSi system and hydrotalcite and serpentine in Mg?CSi?CAl system. Moreover, hydrotalcite, serpentine, brucite, and smectite phases formed under low Si ratio showed high sorption capacity for arsenate, but only high Al content hydrotalcite and serpentine showed substantial irreversible fraction of sorbed arsenate. Hence, the generation of these kinds of hydrotalcite and serpentine phases as scavengers for oxyanions must be considered during the utilization and disposal of alkaline wastes.     

Effect of temperature on the decomposition of organic substances in flooded soil

In discussing the seasonal and locational difference in the metabolism of rice soil, it is of primary necessity to know how various reactions in soil are changed by temperature.     

Effect of cellulose and glucose on the proliferation of PCP (pentachlorophenol)-degrading microorganisms in soil suspension

The pesticide pentachlorophenol (PCP) of which application to rice fields was prohibited in Japan after the 1970s is still used as a fungicide for upland crops or timber. In many cases the pesticide dropped into soil is microbially degraded, and microbial degradation of PCP in soil was studied by many authors (Watanabe and Hayashi 1972; Kuwatsuka and Igarashi 1975; Watanabe 1977). The PCP-degrading microorganisms so far isolated are common ones which are not nutritionally fastidious (Watanabe 1973; Suzuki 1983a, b). It is, therefore, plausible that PCP-degradability of the microorganisms is influenced by the presence of some nutrients because, in general, the microorganisms may preferentially use nutrients to pesticides which are biostatic or biocidal to the microorganisms.     

Identification of long needle crystals and distribution of oxalate salts in Narcissus cv. ‘Garden Giant’

Long needle crystals abundantly present in the bulb scales and the shoot sap of Narcissus cv. ‘Garden Giant’ were identified as Ca-oxalate by ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance and capillary electrophoresis. The Ca-oxalate crystals were distributed in every part of the plant, including tunics, shoot, flowers, basalplate, and roots. A large proportion of water-soluble oxalate was present in the roots, but not in the scales and shoot. Oxalate accumulation occurred mainly in the young new scales originating from the basal part of shoot. Most of all the oxalate in the inner new scales and the outer old scales was in the form of Ca-oxalate. The fact that Ca and oxalate contents in old scales remained constant after planting to the flowering stage indicated that Ca and oxalate in bulb scales are not reserve nutrients supporting plant growth. Alternatively Ca-oxalate accumulated in scales appeared to be a stable end-product.     

Cell death process initiated by a combination of aluminium and iron in suspension-cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum): Apoptosis-like cell death mediated by calcium and proteinase

Aluminium (AI) enhances ferrous ion (Fe²⁺) -mediated lipid per oxidation which is the primary factor leading to cell death in nutrient medium in tobacco cells. Under these conditions, cell death processes were examined. Cells which had been treated with AI and Fe²⁺ together exhibited cell shrinkage and DNA ladders which were detected by agarose-gel electrophoresis in the form of bands corresponding to increasing multiples of ～150 bp fragments. In the calcium (Ca)-free medium, a combination of Al and Fe2+ enhanced only partly the per oxidation of lipids and hardly promoted cell death, indicating that Ca²⁺ further stimulates the per oxidation of lipids enhanced by a combination of Al and Fe²⁺ and is required for cell death. N-Tosyl-L-phenylalanylchloromethyl ketone, an inhibitor of some cysteine and serine proteinases, had no effect on the per oxidation of lipids but almost completely blocked cell death enhanced by a combination of AI and Fe²⁺, suggesting that proteinase acts downstream from the per oxidation of lipids. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that cell death initiated by a combination of Al and Fe²⁺ is involved in the apoptosislike cell death program mediated by extracellular Ca²⁺ and endogenous proteinase.     

Responses to aluminium of suspension-cultured tobacco cells in a simple calcium solution

In a simple solution containing 3 mM CaCl₂ and 3% sucrose (pH 4.5), tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at the logarithmic phase of growth remained viable at least for 24 h. In this medium, the toxic effect of aluminium (Al) on the plasma membrane was investigated for up to 24 h. After the addition of Al to the cell suspension, Al started to accumulate immediately in the cells, and a maximum value was observed at 9 h. Al induced callose deposition, but did not enhance significantly the uptake of Evans blue (a nonpermeating dye), the per oxidation of lipids and the leakage of potassium (K) ions. Furthermore, the AI-treated cells were stained with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) as much as untreated control cells. These results suggest that the accumulation of Al does not damage the membrane. The addition of Fe(II) to the cells which had been exposed to Al for 12 h resulted in immediate lipid peroxidation and Evans blue uptake several hours later. A combination of Al and Fe(II) caused the K leakage, and enhanced the deposition of callose more than Al alone. These results suggest that the accumulation of Al sensitizes the membrane to the Fe(II)-mediated peroxidation of lipids, and that the Al-enhanced per oxidation of lipids is a direct cause of the loss of integrity of the plasma membrane (or cell death) in the Ca medium.