应用于家蚕F2代分离群体的两种连锁作图方法的作图效果比较

构建精细的家蚕分子连锁图谱需要合适的作图方法。应用Mapmaker/EXP3.0和F2lnkgsilk两种作图方法,对家蚕F2代91个个体为分离群体的300个AFLP标记和69个个体为分离群体的470个RAPD标记数据进行了比较分析。用F2lnkgsilk作图方法分析得到的分群数与Mapmaker/EXP3.0作图方法相比有所增加,而总的图距却显著增加,平均图距也有较大的增加,但产生的二联体数基本相同。就单个连锁群而言,两种作图分析方法的连锁标记及其数目80%以上相同,但是标记间的排列顺序70%以上有差异;用F2lnkgsilk作图方法分析得到的单个连锁群的总图距和平均图距也相应增大。     

辽河三角洲盐碱地覆膜措施对土壤物理性质的影响

采用覆膜措施在辽河三角洲腹地原地土壤修筑台田造林试验,结果表明:覆盖地膜能有效改善土壤理化性状,提高土壤孔隙度,降低土壤容重,改善土壤通透性,提高土壤养分含量,覆膜措施使小胡杨保存率高达92%,增加了0~40cm土层的孔隙度,提高了0~60cm土层的最大持水量,为小胡杨树木生长提供了良好的立地条件。     

两种三尖杉属植物的遗传多样性研究

以种子的胚乳为材料,采用等位酶凝胶电泳技术,分析了高山三尖杉和粗榧两种三尖杉属植物的遗传多样性特征。结果表明,高山三尖杉和粗榧的遗传多样性水平较低,其多态位点比率均为0.273,平均每个位点的等位基因数分别为1.364和1.455,平均期望杂合度分别为0.092和0.101,观察杂合度分别为0.074和0.093;内繁育系数分别为0.194和0.086,均存在一定的内繁育现象。结合已报道的三尖杉属其他植物的遗传多样性研究结果,认为:三尖杉属植物低水平的遗传多样性是它们极度濒危现状的反映。建议将三尖杉属的全体植物列为国家重点保护野生植物,以利进一步加强对三尖杉属植物保护的力度和宽度。同时指出,三尖杉属植物的内繁育系数与其自然分布范围大小呈正相关,自然分布范围小的物种比分布范围大的物种具有更为严重的内繁育现象。     

诱导滞育的温度和光照节律对家蚕滞育激素基因Dh表达的影响

滞育激素(DH)是导致家蚕滞育生理现象出现的关键因素。研究卵期不同温度和光照节律引起家蚕滞育激素基因Dh表达的变化,探讨温度和光照对家蚕滞育调控的机制。催青期25℃持续光照(25LL)条件下,蚕卵中Dh基因mRNA高水平稳定转录;而在15℃持续黑暗(15DD)条件下,蚕卵中只有痕迹量Dh基因mRNA存在;25LL或者20℃、光照与黑暗12h交替(20LD)条件下,胚胎发育至单眼着色后(有效积温2160℃.h以后)Dh基因mRNA转录水平显著上调,与此时期胚胎对诱导滞育的温度和光照节律更加敏感一致。从催青期开始整个世代的保护温度和光照节律,呈现高温25℃显著上调整个胚后时期Dh基因mRNA转录水平,光照上调蛹期与蛾期Dh基因mRNA转录水平,且高温的作用强于光照。5龄第3天幼虫的基因芯片表达谱显示,Dh基因mRNA转录水平存在显著的性别与组织差异,雌蚕多个组织中的Dh基因mRNA转录水平都显著低于雄蚕,卵巢中的Dh基因mRNA只有痕迹量。亲代卵的催青温度与光照节律决定子代卵的滞育性,也影响到Dh基因mRNA的转录水平;但子代卵内Dh基因mRNA转录水平高低不是蚕卵滞育与否的关键。推测家蚕Dh基因表达的性别差异及在早期蚕卵中表达特征与滞育性不一致的现象,可能与Dh基因的前体多肽翻译产物剪切有关。     

Decomposition of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic rice residues (straw and roots) in paddy fields

Background, aim, and scope  

Genetic modification of commercial crops may affect their decomposition and nutrient cycling processes in agricultural ecosystems. Intensive rice cultivation under partially submerged conditions (paddy rice) is an important and widespread cropping system, particularly in the tropics, yet there is little data on the decomposition of Bt rice residue under field conditions. We investigated straw and root decomposition of rice modified to express the Cry1Ab protein of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to kill lepidopteran pests, compared with a parental non-Bt isoline. The objective of this study was to assess the possible impacts of cry gene transformation of rice on residue decomposition under intensive rice cultivation with long period of submergence.     

植物生长素原初响应基因Aux/IAA研究进展

Aux/IAA基因家族能够在生长素诱导的早期做出响应,是生长素早期应答的3类基因家族之一。ARF则是一类调控生长素响应基因表达的转录因子,Aux/IAA就是通过其响应元件与ARF特异性结合,从而调节生长素早期应答基因的转录功能。介绍了Aux/IAA的结构特征、调控机制以及生物学功能。植物Aux/IAA基因是由4个保守结构域组成的:结构域Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ和Ⅳ。结构域Ⅰ主要负责Aux/IAA蛋白的阻遏作用,结构域Ⅱ因为含有一段亮氨酸基序,负责Aux/IAA蛋白的快速降解,而结构域Ⅲ和Ⅳ则介导Aux/IAA蛋白与ARF蛋白形成同源或异源二聚体。在生长素信号转导过程中,Aux/IAA主要通过与生长素响应因子ARF结合,促进早期基因转录,从而调节下游基因的表达。Aux/IAA基因因其种类不同在不同的组织和器官中的表达是有特异性的,同时通过Aux/IAA突变体的研究表明:不同的Aux/IAA还具有各自独特的功能。不论是由于时间和空间表达上的不同,还是由于其基因的启动子对生长素响应因子的亲合性差异都能产生这些功能特异性。而植物激素和外界环境因子对发挥Aux/IAA功能也具有重要的调控作用。     

Reducing CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions from waterlogged paddy soil with biochar

Purpose  

A potential means to diminish increasing levels of CO₂ in the atmosphere is the use of pyrolysis to convert biomass into biochar, which stabilizes the carbon (C) that is then applied to soil. Before biochar can be used on a large scale, especially in agricultural soils, its effects on the soil system need to be assessed. This is especially important in rice paddy soils that release large amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.     

Desorption and distribution of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on aged black carbon containing sediment

Purpose

There is a strong affinity between organic compounds and black carbon (BC) in sediments, but the release of adsorbed organic compounds from BC may vary with the duration of contaminant–sediment contact (i.e., aging). The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the application of rice straw carbon (RC) on the control of hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds (HIOCs) pollution and investigate whether aging affects the release of adsorbed pentachlorophenol (PCP) in RC-amended sediment.

Materials and methods

Two experiments were conducted in this study: Tenax-mediated desorption kinetics experiment and PCP’s distribution experiment over aging time. The Tenax-mediated desorption kinetics data were fit with a modified two-domain model. PCP’s distribution pools in sediment involves water soluble (F ₁), 48 h desorption (F ₂), 432 h desorption minus 48 h desorption (F ₃), strongly complexed (F ₄), and nonextractable fractions (F ₅).

Results and discussion

A good fit of the desorption kinetics data was obtained with the modified two-domain model, and R ² ranged from 0.979 to 0.999. The presence of RC in the sediment reduced the rapid and slow desorption fractions (F _rap and F _slow) as well as the rapid and slow rates of desorption of PCP (k _rap and k _slow) from the sediment, and the RC also increased the desorption-resistant fraction (F _r ). F _rap and F _slow both increased, while F _r decreased after aging. The PCP content of F ₁, F ₂, and F ₃ increased but decreased in F ₄ and F ₅ with contact time. Furthermore, the segregation of PCP varied less with aging time in sediments with 2.0 % RC than in sediments with 0.5 % RC.

Conclusions

RC played a dominant role in hindering PCP mass transfer and reducing PCP availability in sediments. After the RC-amended sediment was aged for 98 days, the PCP was released more easily and became more readily available, which was attributed primarily to the RC–sediment aging rather than of the PCP–sediment aging. Furthermore, 0.5 % RC is not sufficient to control PCP release from sediments, and 2.0 % RC is needed to fix PCP in sediments over long periods of time.     

组分多度的相似相异百分率

根据组分多度比较分析的概念,建立了组分多度相似相异百分率的计算公式和两个详略不同的相似相异等级标准。根据对三尖杉属（Cephalotaxus）在云南的分布格局间的亲和性分析,表明组分多度比较分析具有了分析严密、计算简单和结果直观等优点。     

辽东山区胡桃楸次生林垂直结构特征研究

以辽东山区胡桃楸次生林为研究对象,采用树冠光竞争高法将胡桃楸次生林划分为上、中、下3个林层,并在此基础上分析了各林层的树种组成、径级结构、空间结构特征等。结果表明：上、中、下3个林层平均树高分别为14.86～17.02、11.18～12.77 m和7.33～8.01 m,方差分析结果表明,不同林层树高间差异极显著,分层效果较好。上林层为林分蓄积量主要贡献层,占林分总蓄积量61.86%～78.7%;其次为中林层,下林层最少。各林层径级分布曲线不同,下林层径级分布呈反“J”曲线,中林层呈左偏单峰曲线,上林层为多峰曲线。林分整体处于中度混交向强度混交的过渡状态,3块标准地上、中林层的混交度平均值分别为0.512、0.574,为中度混交,下林层平均混交度为0.671,接近强度混交,各林层平均混交度表现为随垂直高度的降低而增大。标准地1和标准地3为聚集分布,标准地2属于随机分布。随林层垂直高度的降低,林分聚集度和竞争指数均有所增加。从林分的垂直结构判断胡桃楸次生林的林分结构相对稳定,其未来的演替方向可能为以落叶松和胡桃楸为优势种的针阔混交林或者以胡桃楸、蒙古栎和花曲柳为优势种的阔叶混交林,下林层的更新能力较差,应采取人工措施促进其天然更新。