Does the compositional change of soil organic matter in the rhizosphere and bulk soil of tea plants induced by tea polyphenols correlate with Pb bioavailability?

Purpose

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a vital role in controlling metal bioavailability. However, the relationship between SOM and its fractions, including water-soluble substances (WSS), fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), and soil microbial biomass (SMB), to metal bioavailability in plants has not been thoroughly investigated. This study examined the compositional change of SOM after tea polyphenols (TPs) were added to the soil and its correlation with Pb bioavailability.

Materials and methods

Ultisol samples were collected from Fuyang, spiked with two levels (0 and 300 mg kg^?1 DW) of Pb, and aged for 30 days. Four uniform seedlings were transplanted to each plastic pot, which were filled with 3 kg of air-dried soil. After successful transplantation, three levels (0, 300, and 600 mg kg^?1 DW) of TPs were amended as irrigation solution for the pots. The Pb concentrations in different tissues of the tea plants were determined after 6 months. SOM, WSS, FA, HA, and SMB were extracted and quantified using a Multi N/C Total Organic Carbon Analyser.

Results and discussion

Adding TPs to Pb-polluted soils alleviated Pb toxicity to microorganisms and increased SMB and the rhizosphere effect. The rhizosphere SOM was lower than bulk SOM in Pb-unspiked soils, while the opposite results were observed in Pb-spiked soils. A similar inconsistency for HA in the rhizosphere and bulk soil between Pb-unspiked and Pb-spiked soils might explain the difference in SOM. FA increased with the addition of TPs in both the rhizosphere and bulk soils, which might be the result of TP transformation. Positive correlations are present between the compositions of rhizosphere SOM and Pb in different tissues of the tea plant. SMB correlated negatively with Pb in young leaves and stems. Compared to rhizosphere soil, SOM components in bulk soil were less strongly correlated with Pb in tea plants.

Conclusions

Addition of TPs to soil changes the components of SOM and Pb bioavailability. SOM and its fractions, including WSS, FA, HA, and SMB, show a close relationship to Pb in different tissues of the tea plants.     

绵羊MyoG基因内含子Ⅱ多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

【目的】 分析肌细胞生成素(myogenin,MyoG)基因内含子Ⅱ的多态性及其对绵羊生长性状的影响,筛选对绵羊生长发育有显著影响的分子标记,以期为绵羊的分子育种提供参考。【方法】 选取大尾寒羊、小尾寒羊、豫西脂尾羊、湖羊、杜泊羊5种绵羊为研究对象,采用PCR-RFLP技术对MyoG基因内含子Ⅱ(Eco72 Ⅰ)进行基因分型,利用PopGene32软件计算绵羊MyoG基因内含子Ⅱ的群体遗传多样性,利用SPSS 17.0软件对不同基因型与绵羊生长性状进行关联分析。【结果】 小尾寒羊、杜泊羊、湖羊群体中MyoG基因内含子Ⅱ均存在3种基因型:AA(368/540 bp)、AB(908/368/540 bp)和BB(908 bp);大尾寒羊和豫西脂尾羊群体中仅检测到2种基因型:AB(908/368/540 bp)和BB(908 bp)。大尾寒羊、小尾寒羊、豫西脂尾羊、湖羊、杜泊羊的AB基因型频率分别为0.845、0.633、0.917、0.706和0.811,BB基因型频率分别为0.155、0.033、0.083、0.176和0.054,AA基因型频率分别为0、0.333、0、0.118和0.135。小尾寒羊的杂合度最低(0.455),杜泊羊的杂合度最高(0.497),表明杜泊羊的遗传多样性要高于其他群体;5个群体多态信息含量(PIC)均为中度多态(0.25<PIC<0.5)。关联分析发现,小尾寒羊MyoG基因内含子Ⅱ BB基因型个体胸围、胸宽、头长、颈长均显著低于AA、AB基因型(P<0.05)。【结论】 MyoG基因内含子Ⅱ Eco72 Ⅰ位点可作为影响绵羊生长性状的分子标记,结果可为今后绵羊生长性状的分子标记辅助选择提供参考。     

三江并流区天然林可持续发展标准与指标

应用天然林可持续发展标准与指标的研究成果,根据三江并流区的实际情况,建立了三江并流区天然林可持续发展的标准与指标体系。该体系包括6个标准、23个指标。根据该体系,对三江并流区天然林可持续发展状态进行了分类分区。     

脱水蔬菜干前预处理工艺的试验研究

文中介绍了几种典型蔬菜(青椒、尖椒、豆角、胡萝卜)的干前预处理关键工艺(漂烫及冷激)的单因素单指标试验及多因素多指标的组成试验(正交试验),及其结论。     

家蚕AFLP分子连锁图谱的构建及其分析

以F2代91个个体作为作图群体，为家蚕（Bombyx mori）茧质性状的QTLs定位构建了一张较高密度的AFLP家蚕分子连锁图谱。692个有效位点中的550个构成了a和b亚群，其中a亚群21个连锁群含233个标记，b亚群为28个连锁群含317个标记。a、b亚群中各连锁群上标记数目变化范围在4～43和3～35个，连锁群总长度为1868．10和2677．50cM，连锁群的长度变化在22．3～424．3和2．4～366．5cM，标记的平均图距变化在3．39～17．43和0．80～26．96cM，位点间的平均距离为8．81和9．26cM。平均图距小于10cM的连锁群有14和18个，大于10cM小于20cM的连锁群有7个。连锁群上位点平均数为11．1和11．31个，连锁群的平均长度为89．0和95．6cM。a、b亚群平均总长为2272．8cM，平均图距9．06cM。符合QTLs定位的基本要求。     

家蚕的半活化胚现象初探

滞育是家蚕的生理现象 ,家蚕滞育卵的活化处理是养蚕生产上重要的技术操作。研究了家蚕盐酸处理卵、复式冷藏卵和长期保存卵的胚胎活化过程 ,认为家蚕胚胎除滞育态和活化态以外 ,还存在半活化状态。半活化胚胎的形态与萌动期 (乙 1)至反转期 (己 1)的活化胚相似 ,但胚胎整体发育不平衡 ,后部发育慢于前部 ,在 2 5℃、RH 75 %～ 85 %催青环境中的发育速度明显慢于活化胚 ,而越接近反转期发育速度越接近活化胚。同一群体内出现的半活化胚胎之间发育比较整齐 ,而不同群体的半活化胚胎之间发育有一定差异。活化刺激量越大 ,出现的半活化胚胎发育越快。探讨了半活化胚胎产生的机理以及对蚕种生产的影响     

Soil microbial community responses to Bt transgenic rice residue decomposition in a paddy field

Purpose

Genetic modifications (GM) of commercial crops offer many benefits. However, microbial-mediated decomposition might be affected by GM crop residues in agricultural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess the possible impacts of cry1Ab gene transformation of rice on soil microbial community composition associated with residue decomposition in the paddy field under intensive rice cultivation.

Materials and methods

A 276-day field trial was set up as a completely randomized design for two types of rice residues, KMD (Bt) and Xiushui 11 (non-Bt parental variety) in triplicate by conventional intensive rice cropping system. The litterbag method was used in the rice residue decomposition and a total of 120 straw and root litterbags were either placed on the soil surface or buried at 10 cm depth in the field on Dec. 24, 2005. The litterbags were sampled periodically and their soil bacterial and fungal communities were determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The additive main effects with multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model were performed for the analysis of T-RFLP on binary variables of peak presence (presence/absence). The analysis of variance and linear regressions were performed for analysis of AMMI data.

Results and discussion

Total AMMI model analysis revealed that microbial community composition in the litterbags was affected by temporal and spatial factors. Compared with the non-Bt rice residue treatment, Bt rice straw had no significant effects on the soil bacterial and fungal community composition during the study period, regardless of the litterbags being placed on the surface or buried in the soil. There were no significant differences in the bacterial community composition profiles in root decomposition between Bt transgenic and non-Bt varieties. However, significant differences in soil fungal community composition between the buried Bt and non-Bt rice roots were observed in soils sampled on days 31, 68, and 137, indicating that Bt roots incorporated into paddy soil may affect soil fungal community during the initial stage of their decomposition.

Conclusions

There were some significant differences in fungal community composition between Bt rice root and non-Bt root treatments at the early stage of root decomposition in the paddy field. It is important that, before Bt rice is released for commercial production, more research should be conducted to evaluate the ecological effects of the Bt rice residues returned to paddy field upon grain harvesting.     

Rural wastewater irrigation and nitrogen removal by the paddy wetland system in the Tai Lake region of China

Background, aim, and scope  

A large area of water eutrophication in the Tai Lake region of China was associated with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollution, mainly due to the discharge of untreated rural wastewater (RW) into the surface water (SW) near villages of this region. A field experiment was conducted, using irrigation of RW plus urea fertilization under equal nitrogen (N) rate, namely, black water (BW), domestic wastewater (DW), gray water (GW), SW, and SW without any N application as a control (CK), to elucidate N removal by the paddy wetland system during the rice growing season of 2007.     

20-羟基蜕皮酮对小鼠体能的影响

20 羟基蜕皮酮 (2 0 hydroxyecdysone ,简称 2 0E)是节肢动物生长、发育、蜕皮和生殖的重要控制激素 ,也普遍存在于哺乳动物体内及其食物中。为了研究 2 0E对小鼠体能的影响 ,从出生后 2 0d开始 ,给昆明种小鼠终身饮用添加 2mg/L(A)或 2 0mg/L(B) 2 0E的纯水。饮用 6 0d后小鼠的缺氧环境生存时间、4 2℃高温存活时间和持续游泳时间显著长于对照 ,其中 :A区比对照分别延长了 2 2 %～ 15 5 %、2 7 1%～ 37 7%和 33 2 %～ 10 7 0 % ;B区比对照分别延长了 5 7%～ 18 0 %、32 0 %～ 4 4 1%和 4 6 9%～ 111 3%。添食组小鼠的红血球数量显著高于对照 ,生育能力和寿命没有出现统计水平差异的影响。添食 2 0E增加了小鼠体能。