低镉水稻研究进展

稻米镉污染已成为全球粮食安全的一个重大问题.系统了解水稻体内镉响应基因调控机制及镉代谢的影响因素有助于推动低镉优质水稻新品种的培育.本文重点阐述了镉进入根细胞、镉从根转移至茎、从茎转移至籽粒的三种机制及主要影响因素,同时对目前已知的水稻镉代谢调控相关基因进行了综述,以期为利用分子育种技术选育低镉积累水稻品种提供参考.     

塔里木河下游环境退化的因子分析

 为了研究土地荒漠化及其影响因子,对塔里木河下游沿河道布设的39个样地,进行环境退化因子分析。通过数学变换,8个观测指标被转换为3个综合指标(水分指标、沙化指标、盐化指标)。根据本地区的实际,对3个综合指标进行环境解释。依据这3个主分量的贡献率,计算塔里木河下游39个样地的因子得分,并据此进行环境退化程度(荒漠化)的分类。从因子得分结果看,塔里木河下游地区呈明显的随距大西海子水库距离的增加荒漠化程度加重的特点,引起这一结果的主要原因,是水、盐条件逐渐恶化带来的植被衰败。从分类的结果看,与该地区的实际基本相符合。这说明因子分析的方法综合了多指标的综合影响,划分的结果更加客观。     

Soil carbon and nitrogen changes as affected by tillage system and crop biomass in a corn–soybean rotation

A wide range of tillage systems have been used by producers in the Corn-Belt in the United States during the past decade due to their economic and environmental benefits. However, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) and crop responses to these tillage systems are not well documented in a corn–soybean rotation. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems on SOC and SON, residue C and N inputs, and corn and soybean yields across Iowa. The first experiment consisted of no-tillage (NT) and chisel plow (CP) treatments, established in 1994 in Clarion–Nicollet–Webster (CNW), Galva–Primghar–Sac (GPS), Kenyon–Floyd–Clyde (KFC), Marshall (M), and Otley–Mahaska–Taintor (OMT) soil associations. The second experiment consisted of NT, strip-tillage (ST), CP, deep rip (DR), and moldboard plow (MP) treatments, established in 1998 in the CNW soil association. Both corn and soybean yields of NT were statistically comparable to those of CP treatment for each soil association in a corn–soybean rotation during the 7 years of tillage practices. The NT, ST, CP, and DR treatments produced similar corn and soybean yields as MP treatment in a corn–soybean rotation during the 3 years of tillage implementation of the second experiment. Significant increases in SOC of 17.3, 19.5, 6.1, and 19.3% with NT over CP treatment were observed at the top 15-cm soil depth in CNW, KFC, M, and OMT soil associations, respectively, except for the GPS soil association in a corn–soybean rotation at the end of 7 years. The NT and ST resulted in significant increases in SOC of 14.7 and 11.4%, respectively, compared with MP treatment after 3 years. Changes in SON due to tillage were similar to those observed with SOC in both experiments. The increases in SOC and SON in NT treatment were not attributed to the vertical stratification of organic C and N in the soil profile or annual C and N inputs from crop residue, but most likely due to the decrease in soil organic matter mineralization in wet and cold soil conditions. It was concluded that NT and ST are superior to CP and MP in increasing SOC and SON in the top 15 cm in the short-term. The adoption of NT or CP can be an effective strategy in increasing SOC and SON in the Corn-Belt soils without significant adverse impact on corn and soybean yields in a corn–soybean rotation.     

东江中上游3种造林树种的光合-光响应特征

 以东江中上游6年生的山乌桕、枫香和南酸枣为材料,采用LI-COR公司L i-6400光合作用测定系统测定光合、蒸腾、水分利用效率等生理参数及其光响应过程,探讨3树种在自然生境条件下的光合-光响应特征。结果表明:3树种光合-光响应曲线均符合非直角双曲线模型(R2>0.98)和指数模型(R2>0.98);3树种表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率均表现为山乌桕>南酸枣>枫香,山乌桕在弱光下光合能力要高于枫香和南酸枣,但对光合产物消耗大;山乌桕最大净光合速率与枫香、南酸枣间差异显著(0.05);3树种介于阴生植物和阳生植物之间,山乌桕对强光的适应能力较好,对光照强度表现出一定的适应性和可塑性,具有较宽的光照生态幅,对弱光与强光的利用能力较高;3树种净光合速率光响应均值表现为山乌桕>南酸枣>枫香,耗水能力表现为山乌桕>南酸枣>枫香,而水分利用效率表现为枫香>山乌桕>南酸枣。     

Individual and combined antioxidant effects of seven phenolic agents in human erythrocyte membrane ghosts and phosphatidylcholine liposome systems: importance of the partition coefficient

Antioxidant activities of seven phenolic agents against Fe(2+)-induced lipid oxidation were compared with alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and vitamin C in human erythrocyte membrane ghosts and liposome systems. The antioxidant activity of five test flavonoids followed the order catechin > epicatechin > rutin > quercetin > myricetin in both systems (p < 0.05), which was negatively correlated with their partition coefficients. The antioxidant interaction of these phenolic agents with alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, or vitamin C in inhibiting Fe(2+)-induced lipid oxidation was examined. Synergistic effects were present in the combinations of alpha-tocopherol plus caffeic acid, catechin, or epicatechin as well as in all combinations of vitamin C plus phenolic antioxidants. On the basis of the stronger individual and combined effects present in caffeic acid, catechin, and epicatechin, the application of these three phenolic agents with or without alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and vitamin C may provide stronger protective benefits against lipid oxidation, which may be helpful for oxidation-related diseases prevention.     

2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空变化特征

随着居民对蔬菜消费需求的不断提高,拉萨市温室蔬菜地得到快速发展,但对温室蔬菜地格局变化过程仍缺乏清楚的认识。该研究基于2008－2018年11期拉萨市高清遥感影像,结合实地调研,采用重心转移分析、地统计分析等方法,研究了2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空格局变化特征。结果表明：1）2008－2018年,拉萨市温室蔬菜地面积总体呈波动上升趋势,年均增长率为6.93%。研究时段内,温室蔬菜地变化经历了发展、调整、稳定三个阶段,各阶段年均变化率分别为11.08%、-2.13%和0.77%。2）研究时段内,拉萨市城关区和堆龙德庆区温室蔬菜地比例下降56.2%,达孜区和曲水县温室蔬菜地比例上升51.58%,温室蔬菜地分布重心向远离城区的城郊转移,向东南方向迁移了约4 896 m。3）新增温室蔬菜地向高海拔和大坡度区域转移,海拔3 675～3 800 m范围内温室蔬菜地面积比例由22.05%上升到30.41%,坡度6°～10°区域温室蔬菜地面积占比上升5.92%。4）温室蔬菜地新增源于耕地,减少多因为建设用地扩张。蔬菜需求量大和温室蔬菜收益高是温室蔬菜地面积增加的基本动力,区域土地利用调整是温室蔬菜地格局变化的重要推动力。     

流化床生物质快速热裂解试验及生物油分析

在自行研制的一套进料量为5 kg/h流化床上,选用高铝矾土为流化床床料,选择450℃、475℃、500℃和525℃ 四个反应温度对玉米秸秆粉的快速热裂解规律进行了研究,主要考察了不同反应温度对热裂解产物收集率的影响。在热解温度为500℃左右时,生物油收集率具有相对高的数值：37.5%。所得到生物油有两个分层,利用气相色谱－质谱联用仪对各自成分进行了定性分析。     

土地利用的弹性规划研究

市场经济越发达,经济生活中的不确定因素就越多。经济的不可预见性和难以预测性导致土地利用的变异性增加,从而对土地利用规划的弹性提出了要求。该文首次明确地界定了土地利用弹性规划的涵义;探讨了土地利用弹性规划的内容和研究方法。通过弹性比计算和弹性区间确定、评价目标和评价体系设计、以及柔性决策模型等方法对土地利用规划中的弹性预测、弹性评价、弹性决策以及弹性用地分区进行了探讨,结果表明：土地利用的弹性规划能较好地适应经济生活中不确定因素导致的用地数量、用地结构、用地方式等方面的变化。     

覆膜和露地旱作春玉米生长与蒸散动态比较

利用土壤水分传感器、微型蒸渗仪与涡度相关系统,连续监测覆膜和露地春玉米田土壤水分、蒸发和农田蒸散,分析春玉米田蒸散与土壤蒸发变化规律,探讨了覆膜玉米高产节水增效的机理。结果表明:与露地相比,覆膜的表层土壤温度和体积含水率分别提高4.9%和19.5%。覆膜、露地处理玉米出苗率分别为99.0%和80.0%,其差异为显著水平,覆膜提早春玉米各生育阶段平均为7d,全生育期缩短11d。生育前期、中期,覆膜的叶面积指数、株高和地上、地下干物质均显著高于露地的,播种一个月后差异最大,分别高110.2%、13.5%、42.9%和12.7%。玉米拔节期前(6月前)和8月后至玉米成熟,覆膜的农田蒸散量分别比露地的低6.8%和0.4%,但6-8月覆膜的比露地的高5.1%。全生育期覆膜的农田蒸散量为376.2mm,降低了6.0%,且土壤蒸发降低了57.7%。最终单株平均果穗质量、生物量差异不显著。但是,由于覆膜显著提高了出苗率从而增加了单位面积生物产量和经济产量,增幅分别为23.7%和15.3%。同时,覆膜作物水分利用效率提高了22.6%,达到31.3kg/(hm2·mm)。可见,覆膜能显著降低土壤蒸发和农田总蒸散量;保水增温促出苗,提前玉米各生育期;生育中期日蒸散量和干物质积累速率较高;最终显著提高单位面积生物产量和经济产量以及作物水分利用效率。     

几种班克木属植物种子生物学特性及其育苗技术研究

3种班克木属树种的种子生物学特性测定结果表明,种子的种间特征差异较大,吸水能力均较强,全缘班克木、剑班克木和生日蜡烛班克木种子50 d的发芽率分别为71.2％、32.8％和33.5％.播种育苗试验结果显示,4个班克木属树种苗期生长出现根茎纤弱、怕水渍和生长缓慢的特性;而基质通过添加石灰和微量元素可显著促进索发针班克木小苗的生长,要培育壮苗必须控制育苗基质呈弱酸性至中性状态,同时苗床要干爽.