贝类性别决定与分化相关基因研究进展

性别决定与分化是生命发育的基本事件,性别决定与分化机制一直是生命科学研究的热点问题。贝类具有雌雄同体、雌雄异体、雄性先熟和性转换等复杂的性别类型,是研究无脊椎动物性别决定与分化机制及其演化进程的理想动物类群。挖掘贝类性别决定与分化调控基因,阐明相关基因的调控作用,对于揭示贝类性别决定与分化的分子机制具有重要意义。本文就贝类性别决定与分化相关基因的研究进展进行了综述,并对该研究领域进行展望,以期为贝类的性别决定和分化机制、生殖操作和遗传改良等研究提供参考。     

自清洗生物滤器的发展现状与趋势

自清洗生物滤器作为生物处理设备中的最新技术,对工厂化养殖水处理系统的节能和高效具有重要作用.本文主要介绍以流化床生物滤器、移动床生物滤器、微珠生物滤器等为代表的生物过滤装备,分析其工作原理、性能、结构特点以及这些设施中存在的缺点和不足,并根据国外最新发展情况对自清洗生物滤器的应用前景作出展望.     

Development of Gene‐derived SNP Markers and Their Application for the Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Wild and Cultured Populations in Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

The Apostichopus japonicus is a valuable aquaculture species in China. In this study, 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from expressed sequence tags of sea cucumber using high‐resolution melting. The average observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.2462 and 0.2897, respectively. Thirty‐two of these loci were used for estimating the genetic similarity and variation between the five hatchery stocks from China and two wild stocks from Japan. No significant differences in Ho or He were observed between the wild and hatchery populations. The pairwise Fst (which ranged from 0.0119 to 0.0236) and the genetic identity (which varied from 0.9802 to 0.9915) showed no significant differentiation between the wild and cultured stocks. The analysis of molecular variance indicated the source of variation was at the level of “within the populations.” The information on the genetic variation and differentiation in cultured and wild populations of A. japonicus obtained in this study is useful for setting up suitable guidelines for founding and maintaining of cultured stocks and for future genetic improvement by selective breeding.     

基于16SrDNA分析的浒苔外生细菌多样性研究

为研究浙江近海浒苔Ulva spp.(Enteromorpha spp.)外生细菌多样性,采用传统的形态学和16S rDNA测序分析的方法,从舟山朱家尖、宁海国华电厂和奉化南沙3个地区分离到可培养的浒苔外生细菌及其周围海水细菌65株。根据细菌菌落特征和革兰氏染色结果等将分离到的细菌分为26种表型。16S rDNA序列测序比对发现:菌株与不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、赤细菌属(Erythrobacter)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、深海杆菌属(Idiomarina)、Phaeobacter、Roseivirgaj和Silicibacter等23个属相应菌株具有较高同源性。对不同地区浒苔外生细菌进行了Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析。研究表明:(1)宁海国华电厂的浒苔外生细菌多样性最丰富,多样性指数为93.98%;(2)浒苔外生细菌与其生活地区密切相关,其群落组成具有地域差异,其优势类群也不尽相同,但均归属于变形菌门。     

纳豆菌脂肽对分离于对虾养殖环境中产T-2毒素镰孢菌抑制效应的研究

为了探明纳豆菌脂肽对对虾养殖环境中的产T-2毒素镰孢菌分离株的控制效应,实验采用扫描电镜观察了镰孢菌孢子超微结构、普通显微镜观察了菌丝形态、荧光显微镜观察了菌丝通透性.结果显示,脂肽浓度为1 mg/mL时,脂肽对镰孢菌孢子萌发的抑制率达78.8％,镰孢菌培养到第3天的生物量为不加脂肽对照的24.5％.扫描电镜观察结果表明,1 mg/mL的脂肽可以使镰孢菌的孢子呈念珠状;普通显微镜观察结果显示,1 mg/mL脂肽处理能使菌丝隔膜消失;荧光显微镜观察结果表明,脂肽能增加镰孢菌菌丝细胞膜的通透性.     

IGF-Ⅰ及其受体基因在牙鲆胚胎发育过程中的表达图式

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ)是脊椎动物生长发育的重要调控因子,其生物学功能主要通过与其特异的膜受体(IGF-Ⅰ receptor,IGF-IR)结合而调节.因此,IGF-Ⅰ及其受体表达特征的分析对于阐述IGF系统调控的发育过程具有重要的意义.本研究采用荧光实时PCR方法,以不同发育时期的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)胚胎为材料,分析了胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)及其两种受体基因在鱼类胚胎发育过程中的表达图式.结果显示,牙鲆IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-IR-1和IGF-IR-2基因均有母源转录本,且各基因的表达在胚胎发育的不同阶段具有明显的发育性变化.IGF-Ⅰ基因在早期胚胎发育阶段仅有少量的mRNA存在,而合子基因的表达在晶体出现至出膜前阶段逐步增加.两种IGF-Ⅰ受体基因则展现出迥然不同的表达时序.IGF-IR-1基因在受精卵、卵裂及囊胚期的早期胚胎发育中有相对较少的转录本,至原肠期其合子基因强烈表达,且在神经胚、晶体出现、心跳和出膜前各阶段均有高量的表达;相反,IGF-IR-2基因在受精卵至原肠期的早期胚胎中有丰富的转录本,但合子基因的表达在后期胚胎形成中却相对降低,暗示了二者可能在调节牙鲆胚胎发育中起着不同的作用.     

3种植物生长调节剂对坛紫菜自由丝状体生长与光合色素含量的影响

采用单因素分析法,比较研究了添加3种外源植物生长调节剂(吲哚乙酸IAA、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸2,4-D、激动素KT)对野生型坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)自由丝状体生长及光合色素含量的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,低浓度的IAA(0.5~4.0 mg·L~(-1))和KT(0.5~2.0 mg·L~(-1))对藻体的特定生长率有显著影响,以2.0 mg·L~(-1)IAA和1.0 mg·L~(-1)KT对藻体的促生长效应最大,培养25 d时藻体鲜重增加最大,分别是对照组的1.90倍和1.52倍(P0.05)。高浓度的IAA(6.0~10.0 mg·L~(-1))和KT(4.0~10.0 mg·L~(-1))却会抑制藻体生长(P0.05)。培养25 d时,与对照组相比,2.0 mg·L~(-1)IAA和1.0 mg·L~(-1)KT均有利于叶绿素a(Chl a)和类胡萝卜素(Car)的合成,Chl a含量分别增加了23.7%和23.8%;Car含量分别增加了31.0%和28.6%(P0.05)。然而,高浓度的IAA和KT(6.0、10.0 mg·L~(-1))不利于Chl a的合成,其处理浓度越高,Chl a含量下降越多。与对照组相比,较低浓度的IAA(1.0~2.0 mg·L~(-1))明显促进藻红蛋白(PE)和藻蓝蛋白(PC)合成,其中2.0 mg·L~(-1)IAA处理组PE、PC含量最高,分别增加了59.1%和45.7%(P0.05)。较低浓度的KT(0.5~2.0 mg·L~(-1))均有利于PE、PC合成,其中0.5 mg·L~(-1)KT处理组的PE、PC含量增加最多,分别提高了48.4%和50.5%(P0.05)。高浓度的IAA(6.0、10.0 mg·L~(-1))和KT(10.0 mg·L~(-1))则明显降低了PE、PC合成(P0.05)。2,4-D对藻体的特定生长率和光合色素合成无显著影响(P0.05)。     

中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫研究进展

微孢子虫是专性细胞内寄生的真核生物,有着广泛的宿主。中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫可以引起中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫病,因此而受到重视。本文简要综述了中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫的生物学特性,检测方法以及中华绒螯蟹微孢子虫病的研究现状,以期为有效防治河蟹微孢子虫病提供参考。     

Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">kiss2</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">kissr2</Emphasis> genes and the regulation of kisspeptin on the HPG axis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cynoglossus semilaevis</Emphasis>

Reproduction allows organisms to produce offspring. Animals shift from immature juveniles into mature adults and become capable of sexual reproduction during puberty, which culminates in the first spermiation and sperm hydration or ovulation. Reproduction is closely related to the precise control of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Kisspeptin peptides are considered as the important regulator of HPG axis in mammalian. However, the current understanding of kisspeptin in flatfish is not comprehensive. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the kiss2 and kissr2 genes in Cynoglossus semilaevis. Interesting alternative splicing in the 5′-untranslated regions (UTR) of the Cskissr2 gene was found. The expression profiles of Cskiss2 and Cskissr2 showed relative high messenger RNA (mRNA) levels at the late gastrula stage during embryonic development, at total length = 40 mm during early gonadal differentiation, and in the brains and gonads of all investigated tissues. These results suggested that the kisspeptin system participated in embryogenesis and in the regulation of gonadal differentiation and development. Considering that the control and regulatory mechanisms of kisspeptin in the central reproductive axis are still unclear, we documented that the intramuscular injection of kisspeptin caused different sGnRH and cGnRH mRNA levels in a dose- and tissue-dependent manner. The mRNA expressions of FSH and LH were stimulated in the ovary and were inhibited in the testis under the kisspeptin treatments. These results provided foundations for understanding the roles of kisspeptin in the neuroendocrine system in fish. The manipulation of the kisspeptin system may provide new opportunities to control the gonadal development and even reproduction in fish.     

豆渣膳食纤维保健酸奶的研制

目前,我国豆渣年产量高但利用率低,浪费严重。豆渣中含有丰富的膳食纤维,具有独特的保健功能。本文在传统酸奶的基础上,添加豆渣膳食纤维,研制膳食纤维保健酸奶。采用因素控制法,确定了复合酶法提取豆渣膳食纤维的工艺条件;利用正交试验设计优化了酸奶的制作工艺。结果表明,复合酶法提取豆渣膳食纤维的最佳工艺为木瓜蛋白酶添加量6%,α-淀粉酶添加量2%,酶解时间90 min,此时豆渣膳食纤维提取率达74.26%;豆渣膳食纤维酸奶的最优工艺条件为豆渣膳食纤维量1.8%,乳酸菌粉添加量3.5%,蔗糖添加量7%,稳定剂果胶添加量0.5%,发酵温度40℃,发酵时间3.5 h,在此条件下制得的酸奶色泽柔和均一,凝乳均匀细腻,具有纯正的乳酸发酵香味。