小西葫芦黄花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因植物表达载体的构建

小西葫芦黄花叶病毒(Zucchiniyellowmosaicvirus,ZYMV)是危害中国葫芦科作物主要病毒之一。试验以该病毒中国分离物外壳蛋白基因的克隆载体pZCP-87(含ZYMV的CP基因)为材料,经SalⅠ和BamHⅠ双酶切,从胶上回收目的基因,与经过同两种酶酶切的植物表达载体pBIN438连接,转化感受态的大肠杆菌细胞,提取质粒,经PCR和SalⅠ/BamHⅠ双酶切验证,已将该病毒外壳蛋白基因克隆到植物表达载体上(重组质粒命名为pBZCP5),采用冻融法完成了对pBZCP5质粒的农杆菌转化。该工作是通过转基因获得抗ZYMV病毒研究的基础。     

生物炭对碱性砂质土壤小麦出苗及幼苗生长的影响

为探究生物炭还田对砂质土壤小麦出苗和幼苗生长的影响及原因。本研究设置2个盆栽试验。试验1比较0%、0.6%、1.8%、3.6%和5.4%(质量分数)5个生物炭梯度对小麦出苗率、小麦萎蔫时含水量和有效水含量的影响。结果表明,随生物炭施用量的增加出苗率及有效水含量呈降低趋势,小麦萎蔫时含水量则与之相反。在此基础上,试验2进一步研究30%~50%(WL)、50%~70%(WF)、70%(WE)3个水分梯度下生物炭施用量与5个生物炭梯度的耦合效应试验,分析其对幼苗生长、土壤pH和EC的影响。结果表明,各水分梯度下施用过量生物炭(3.6%)抑制小麦幼苗生长,WF和WE水分条件下土壤pH和WL、WF和WE水分条件下土壤电导率均与小麦根系活力、植株含水量和地上部生物量显著负相关。综合表明,在碱性土壤中施用生物炭后会提高土壤pH和EC,从而抑制小麦出苗和幼苗生长。     

基于纳米碳添加的减量施肥模式对寒地水稻产量及氮肥效率的影响

为解决减量施肥造成北方寒地水稻肥料供给不足和产量低的问题,以纳米碳增效剂为材料,采用仪器快速检测和植株常规测定分析方法,研究纳米碳添加的常规施肥和减量施肥模式对水稻产量性状和肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥(CK)相比,纳米碳添加的常规施肥模式(SM-A)、减施氮肥10%(SM-B)和减施氮肥20%(SM-C)对水稻植株形态特征、光合生理特性、产量性状和肥料利用效率产生显著的影响,其中以SM-B增幅最大,SM-A次之,SM-C最小;SM-A、SM-B和SM-C增加经济效益分别为563.56、1374.20和-1391.08元/hm²,以SM-B增效值最高。本研究表明,SM-B能改善生育期光合生理特性,提高植株产量和肥料利用效率,是寒地水稻较为理想的减量施肥安全利用模式。     

蝴蝶兰NaN_3离体化学诱变及再生植株RAPD检测

采用NaN3对离体培养的蝴蝶兰类原球茎薄切片进行诱变处理,研究不同浓度和不同处理时间对类原球茎薄切片生长的影响,并对再生苗DNA进行了RAPD检测。结果表明,NaN3对类原球茎薄切片生长产生重要影响,部分薄切片白化或褐化死亡,再生类原球茎生长受到抑制,再生苗数量减少,部分再生苗畸变,叶片皱缩、变厚。10条RAPD引物的PCR检测发现,再生苗DNA序列发生了一定程度的变异,产生RAPD图谱带型多态性。根据以上结果认为,本体系合适的NaN3诱变剂量为6mmol/L,处理2d。     

土壤重金属迁移模拟研究的现状与展望

随着工业发展和废弃物的排放不断增加,土壤重金属污染已经成为一个世界性环境问题。土壤重金属的分布转化以及污染修复的研究受到广泛关注,数学模型及计算机模拟研究成为重要的研究手段。该文对土壤重金属迁移的模拟研究的进展进行了回顾与归纳,集中阐述了对流弥散和经验随机两大类模型的特点和应用,并指出了研究中存在的问题及今后研究的发展方向。将数学模拟与土壤重金属信息系统及地理信息系统GIS的有机结合,将有可能为环境保护和农业决策提供新的重要依据。     

Spectrum-Effect Relationship Between High Performance Liquid Chromatography Fingerprints and Anticoccidial Activities of a Compound Chinese Medicine

Quality control and screening of active substances in traditional Chinese medicines have been performed using fingerprint analysis. The spectrum-effect relationship between chromatography fingerprints and efficacy of herbal drugs is considered as a potentially useful method for determining active ingredients in complex mixtures. The study was designed to develop a method for determining the bioactive components of a compound Chinese medicine called Tiefeng based on spectrum-effect relationships between high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） fingerprints and anticoccidial activities. Four peaks of the established HPLC fingerprint indicate the main bioactive components of this medicine. In addition, pharrnacodynamic atlas was defined and used to assess the anticoccidial activity of Tiefeng from different sources for the first time. We found that the level of anticoccidial activity of Tiefeng was consistent with the degree of similarity between the pharmacodynamic atlas and chromatogram of any sample. Furthermore, effect of this medicine was related with the main active constituents, along with the origin and the harvesting time.     

Reproductive performance and offspring quality of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne-Edwards) females fed an optimized formulated diet and the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta

After feeding female Eriocheir sinensis on an optimized formulated diet or fresh razor clam Sinonovacula constricta for 7 months, their reproductive performance and offspring quality were compared. To evaluate diet nutrient contents, the proximate, fatty acid and amino acid compositions of the formulated diet and the razor clam were analysed. The nutritional value of the diets was determined by assessing survival, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of female crabs from both diet treatments, together with the percentage of females that spawned, total egg production per female and fecundity (number of eggs g^?1 female wet weight). Furthermore, the quality of eggs and newly hatched larvae from the two dietary treatments were determined using the following parameters: egg diameter, wet weight and dry weight, hatchability, proximate and fatty acid profile of eggs, larval carapace length, resistant to starvation and osmotic shock, larval survival and development to the zoea II stage. Higher protein, phospholipids (PL) and amino acids (AA) contents were found in the razor clam while the formulated diet contains higher levels of ash, total lipid (TL) and 18:1n‐9, 18:2n‐6 and 22:6n‐3 fatty acids. Although female crabs fed the two different diets showed similar reproductive performances, newly hatched zoea I larvae produced by the crabs fed the formulated diet had significantly longer mean carapace length and shorter development time to the zoea II stage under identical culture condition (P<0.05). Moreover, dietary fatty acid appeared to have more significant effects on the fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas than it did on mature ovaries or eggs. This suggests that the fatty acid profile of mature ovaries is indicative of the specific fatty acid required for ovarian development in E. sinensis. In conclusion, our results show that the optimized formulated diet developed in this laboratory can totally replace the razor clam, a broodstock food widely used in E. sinensis hatcheries in China. This encouraging result should facilitate more reliable hatchery production of this important aquaculture species.     

稻草和氮肥对水田土壤无机氮固定矿化动态和水稻生长的影响

１９９１～１９９２年通过室内试验和室外盆栽试验对水田土壤施用稻草和氮肥后对土壤无机氮（ＮＨ４－Ｎ＋ＮＯ３－Ｎ）固定－矿化动态、水稻生长发育和产量的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明，施用稻草后，无论是否配施氮肥，在１个月内未观察到土壤氮素的纯矿化现象，施用稻草１０天左右对土壤无机氮的固定率达最大值，以后则逐渐减少。种稻条件下，水稻分蘖期后施稻草处理土壤无机氮含量高于单施氮肥处理，并一直保持到水稻收获；稻草还田提高了水稻植株吸氮总量，并提高了稻谷产量和生物转化率。     

利用FTIR对苯基异氰酸酯与不同含水率纤维素反应的研究

通过FTIR红外光谱对苯基异氰酸酯与醇、水、不同含水率纤维素反应产物的研究 ,确定了产物的红外光谱吸收峰的归属。研究发现 :异氰酸酯与绝干纤维素羟基反应产物是氨基甲酸酯 ,随着纤维素含水率的增加 ,异氰酸酯与纤维素的反应越来越低 ,与水反应的比例越来越高 ;当纤维素含水率为 9 78%时 ,异氰酸酯绝大部分与水反应生成取代脲     

黑龙江垦区农村居民点与田块间适宜耕作半径及影响因素

为探明黑龙江垦区农村居民点的适宜耕作半径及主要影响因素,该文以黑龙江农垦总局建三江管理局所辖八五九农场为研究区,以农场内的农村居民点为研究对象,利用2010年国土资源第二次调查矢量数据库,通过空间分析和多元线性回归的方法,进行了定量化的研究。研究结果表明:研究区内各个管理区的适宜耕作半径均值是5 055 m,耕作半径的最大、最小值分别为7 438和3 265 m;平均耕作半径对应农机出行时间为20 min,摩托车出行时间为10 min;适宜耕作半径与水田种植比例、土地面积、聚居居民点与对应连队几何中心偏差距离均值的显著性检验F值远大于F0.01,三者对适宜耕作半径具有极显著的影响,三者的回归系数依次为-17.892、0.208、-0.147,即水田种植比例较高的区域,适宜耕作半径相对较小;土地面积较大的区域,适宜耕作半径相对较大;偏差距离均值较大的区域,适宜耕作半径相对较小。