Taxonomic and functional diversity of the soil microbiome recruited from alternative crops in a rotation system

Intensive cropping is considered to contribute to negative effects both on soil physiochemical properties and on long-term grain yield, which can be alleviated by appropriate crop rotations. The soil microbial community can vary with different crop rotations, which in turn affect soil quality and grain yield. Therefore, it is of great significance to elucidate the response of the soil microbial community to crop rotation. In this study, the structural and functional changes of microbial community in different crop rotations were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics analysis in a field experiment. The continuous winter wheat-summer maize cropping system was the control, and three crop rotations were established in October 2016 as follows: (1) spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize, (2) winter wheat-summer peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and (3) spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize. Soil samples were collected in September 2021 for soil microbial assessment. The results showed that the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in the soil of spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize was significantly higher (15.2%) than that in the control. The relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly higher (19.8%–23.2%) in the soil following crop rotation compared with the control. Compared with the control, spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize enriched energy metabolism genes, and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize reduced the genes related to plant–pathogen interaction. Compared with the control, crop rotation significantly decreased the relative abundance of the inorganic phosphorus solubilization gene (gcd) and the phosphorus transport gene (upgE) and increased the abundance of organic phosphorus mineralization genes (phoA and phyA). Based on these results, we concluded that the composition of the soil microbial community and functional genes can be altered by crop rotation, and spring peanut→winter wheat-summer maize and spring sweet potato→winter wheat-summer maize had more significant effects. This study provided a reference for the selection of crop rotations in the North China Plain based on the soil microbial community and its function.     

气吸式排种器扁平种子吸附姿态调节机构设计与试验

针对气吸式排种器在进行扁平形状种子排种时，充种性能不稳定排种效果不佳的问题，该研究以扁平玉米种子为作业对象，从种子的吸附姿态调节入手，设计一种具有倾斜凸台式取种结构的气吸式排种器。对排种器的倾斜凸台作业过程进行理论分析和设计计算，针对平面盘、凹槽盘和凸台盘三种排种盘的作业过程进行离散元仿真分析，结果表明：凸台盘对种群的扰动能力、离散程度和扭矩高于其他排种盘，倾斜凸台在取种过程中能够改变种子的姿态，实现种子扁平面与吸孔表面间的平行吸附。台架试验结果表明，凸台盘的单粒吸附率优于凹槽盘和平面盘，随着前进速度升高，单粒吸附率先增加大后减小，8 km/h达到最高值91.70%；随着负压增大，单粒吸附率变化趋势相同，3 kPa时达到最高值90.84%；凸台盘的稳定吸附率和平行吸附率随速度增大出现小幅降低，随负压增大逐渐升高并在3 kPa趋于稳定，凸台盘的吸附性能优于其他两种排种盘，同时三种排种盘在取种时的平行吸附率与投种位置的稳定吸附率呈正比。前进速度4～8 km/h时，凸台盘的合格率稳定在97%左右，随后逐渐下降，12 km/h时降至93.18%；田间试验结果表明，排种器作业性能随前进速度升高而降低，12 km/h时，凸台盘的合格率降为90.34%，漏播率升高至6.52%，满足精密播种要求。倾斜凸台式取种结构能够对扁平种子吸附姿态进行有效调节，提高吸附稳定性和排种器作业性能，研究结果可为扁平种子高速精量取种提供技术参考。     

创新植保科技，服务南粤大地——广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所建所五十周年记

<正>广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所成立于1973年8月，是广东省农业科学院下属15个研究机构之一，为省属公益一类事业单位。前身可追溯到1950年1月成立的华南区农业推广繁殖站石牌试验场病虫害组及1960年1月成立的广东省农业科学院植物保护系。在50年的发展历程中，研究所持续为广东省农业生产安全和农作物健康保驾护航，并作出了突出贡献。