超临界CO2连续浓缩鱼油EPA和DHA的研究

为了克服鱼油有效组分超临界CO₂间歇萃取方法的缺点，设计建造了超临界CO₂在内径14 mm、填料高1.8 m的填料塔中连续萃取浓缩鱼油有效组分的流程。根据单因素试验的结果，对工艺参数进行优化。设计了4因素3水平并考虑部分交互作用的正交试验方案，以综合指标进行评价，得到了优化工艺参数为：填料塔压为12.5 MPa；CO₂流量为5L/min；鱼油进料流量为0.8 mL/min；塔的温度分布为40～85℃。经方差分析得知，温度分布的影响对综合指标高度显著，鱼油进料流量对综合指标的影响显著，试验范围内的压力、CO₂流量、压力和温度分布交互作用、温度分布和CO₂流量交互作用以及压力和CO₂流量交互作用对综合指标没有显著影响。     

The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, northern Ethiopia

Abstract. Over the last two decades, large gully control programmes have been established in Ethiopia. Based on detailed observations and measurements of 400 check dams in the highlands near Hagere Selam (Tigray, northern Ethiopian Highlands), the effectiveness of the check dam technique was assessed. In this study, catchment area, slope gradient, technical characteristics and the presence of smectite clays are the main factors controlling dam stability. Simple and logistic regression techniques were used to analyse the data. The frequent collapse of dams (39% after two years) is strongly associated with drainage area ( A ) and slope gradient of the soil surface near the gully ( S ), the product of these factors ( S × A ) being a proxy for runoff energy. Good functioning dams have a spillway, apron, concave plan form (when looking downslope) and are built at vertical intervals and with heights that result in a negative slope gradient of the line connecting the spillway and the foot of the upstream dam. Therefore, a reverse slope of this line is recommended. Furthermore, if large cracks are present in smectite-rich soils, the construction of check dams can lead to piping and concentrated flow bypassing the dam. Given that the collapse of some check dams seems inevitable where catchment areas are large or there are steep slopes, it is necessary to repair dams as soon as partial collapse starts and to complement this gully control technique with biological control measures.     

条斑紫菜藻红蛋白的脉冲超声辅助提取

该文探讨条斑紫菜藻红蛋白的脉冲超声辅助提取方法,优化得到的最佳工艺参数为：超声脉冲的工作时间2 s,间隙时间3 s,超声功率800 W,提取时间60 min,提取温度20℃,料液比30 mg/mL,料液循环泵转速5 r/s。在最优工艺参数下,藻红蛋白的得率为3.249%、纯度(OD₅₆₁/OD₂₈₀)为0.365。与传统提取方法相比,该方法提取时间大大缩短。     

副干酪乳杆菌发酵制备牛乳抗氧化肽饮料工艺优化

将副干酪乳杆菌用于牛乳发酵,制备含抗氧化肽的新型乳酸菌功能性饮料。通过测定发酵终产品的活菌数、酸度、多肽含量、多肽转化率和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率,探讨最优的发酵培养方式和培养基配方。结果表明:确定出的最佳培养方式为摇床培养,摇床转速180 r/min、发酵时间24 h、脱脂乳粉添加量12 g、葡萄糖添加量6 g、接种量5％,在此条件下,产品的多肽产量最高达0.98 mg/mL,活菌数最高达8.5×108 CFU/mL,DPPH自由基清除率最高可达62.38％。     

Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimates for reproduction traits in indigenous Arsi-Bale goats

The study was conducted to evaluate reproductive performances and estimate genetic parameters for reproduction traits in Arsi-Bale goats. A total of 792 kidding records collected from 2001 to 2007 were used. Parity of dam, year, season and type of kidding were investigated as fixed effects by PROC GLM of SAS. Derivative-Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) method was used to estimate genetic parameters by fitting four animal models. Parity of dam and year of kidding influenced (P < 0.05) all the traits. The overall means for age at first kidding (AFK), kidding interval (KI), litter size at birth (LSB), litter size at weaning (LSW), litter weight at birth (LWB), litter weight at weaning (LWW), abortion and dystocia were 574.9 ± 8.3 days, 280.0 ± 13.7 days, 1.6 ± 0.03, 1.37 ± 0.03, 3.7 ± 0.08 kg, 9.11 ± 0.38 kg, 3.8% and 0.13%, respectively. The estimates of direct additive heritability for the traits, except for abortion and dystocia, under the best model (direct animal for AFK and repeatability model for other traits) were 0.245 ± 0.19, 0.060 ± 0.08, 0.074 ± 0.05, 0.006 ± 0.05, 0.125 ± 0.05, 0.053 ± 0.07, respectively, while the corresponding permanent environmental effects were 0.00 ± 0.00, 0.07 ± 0.07, 0.08 ± 0.05, 0.172 ± 0.06, 0.03 ± 0.04 and 0.07 ± 0.05, respectively. Repeatability estimates for KI, LSB, LSW, LWB and LWW were 0.13, 0.15, 0.18, 0.16 and 0.12, respectively. Genetic correlations between reproductive traits vary from medium to high. Arsi-Bale goats have good reproductive performance with low incidence of reproductive disorder. Except for AFK, other traits have low estimates of heritabilities with high genetic correlation among the traits. Repeated measures of the traits are needed before deciding to keep or cull the animal.     

基于DSP的在线薄膜厚度检测系统

对生产过程中快速、高精度的厚度在线检测问题进行了研究,用TI公司的TMS320F2812DSP芯片作为硬件电路的微处理器完成系统中的输入信号检测和系统的控制。并且依据界面美观、功能实用、操作方便的思想对系统的监控终端的操作和显示界面以及管理软件进行了程序设计。     

响应面法优化醋糟厌氧发酵制氢

依据响应面试验设计法,选取有机负荷(Food/Microbe,F/M)、固液比、初始pH值和发酵温度为考察因素,进行醋糟厌氧发酵制氢工艺优化试验。在分析各个因素的显著性和交互作用后,得出醋糟厌氧发酵制氢的最佳工艺条件为:F/M1.65,固液比16.90g/200mL,初始pH值6.02,发酵温度37.66℃;各因素的主效应关系为:初始pH值>F/M>固液比>发酵温度。建立的产氢量数学模型为Y=26.63+1.34x1+1.27x-6.74x-2.44x-6x-1.7x2x-22233432.35x3x4,该模型能解释91.60%的响应值变化,产氢量的预测值为32.91mL/gTS,验证值为33.73mL/gTS。理论值与验证值的复相关系数为0.9780,证明此模型是合理可靠的,可用于实际预测。     

Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors

In Tigray-northern Ethiopia, lack of sediment yield data and appropriate methodologies for predicting sediment yield have contributed to poor planning resulting in rapid sedimentation in reservoirs and storage capacity loss. The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the spatial variability of absolute sediment yield (SY) and area-specific sediment yield (SSY) and to identify their controlling factors for 11 representative catchments and (2) to develop models to predict sediment yield. We quantified sediment yield from reservoir sediment surveys and studied the role of bio-physical characteristics of the catchments and their interactions in controlling SY and SSY variability.     

浮游动物生态学研究进展

浮游动物是河流食物网的重要组成部分,在河流生态系统的能量流动和物质循环中具有重要作用,然而截至目前,尚缺乏对长江干流宏观尺度浮游动物的全面调查。本研究于2018—2019年,在长江干流约5 000 km江段设置51个调查站位,并于每年鱼类繁殖期 (3—6月)、育肥期 (8—10月)和越冬期 (11—1月)各开展1次调查,系统调查分析了长江干流浮游动物群落结构特征及时空分布格局。结果显示,①种类：长江干流浮游动物共187种,其中原生动物56种、轮虫59种、枝角类34种、桡足类38种;三峡库区是浮游动物种类数最丰富的水域 (87种),其余分别为金沙江(59种)、长江上游(68种)、长江中游(54种)、长江下游(56种)。鱼类繁殖期是浮游动物种类最丰富的季节,分别为金沙江(45种)、长江上游(56种)、三峡库区(47种)、长江中游(41种)、长江下游(32种)。②密度：长江干流浮游动物密度范围为1.12~644.40 个/L,中游、下游密度显著高于上游;密度高值一般出现在繁殖期,低值一般出现在鱼类育肥期。③生物量：长江干流浮游动物生物量范围为231.78×10⁻⁵~45638.57×10⁻⁵ mg/L,中游、下游和金沙江明显高于长江上游和三峡库区。④优势种：主要包括原生动物恩茨筒壳虫、淡水麻铃虫、普通表壳虫,轮虫类萼花臂尾轮虫、针簇多肢轮虫,桡足类广布中剑水蚤、特异荡镖水蚤,无节幼体等。研究表明,长江干流浮游动物群落结构和时空分布呈现典型河流特征,种类和数量较贫乏,群落以轮虫和原生动物等小型个体为主,河流中、下游丰度高于上游,呈现明显的季节动态规律。研究成果可为长江水生态管理提供重要基础数据。     

超声波对鱿鱼墨黑色素成分和物理结构的影响

为了提高鱿鱼综合利用价值,以加工废弃物中的鱿鱼墨黑色素为原料,研究超声波处理对黑色素成分和物理结构的影响。采用超声功率15 W/mL、超声时间2 s、间歇时间1 s、总工作时间20 min的工作条件对黑色素进行处理。结果表明：鱿鱼墨黑色素在超声波处理后,波长为224 nm和267 nm附近的两个峰吸光值显著增加,黑色素在环己烷中的溶解性显著增加,样品中没有新的具有紫外可见吸收特性物质生成;黑色素中蛋白质在超声波处理后的没有发生显著变化,而脂质含量显著减少;超声波后Ca、Mg、Na、K、Fe、Cu、Cd和Pb等8种金属元素含量均显著降低;电镜图片显示黑色素微球颗粒在超声过程中发生了爆炸,产生更为细小的碎片和碎末。