牡丹籽油超临界二氧化碳萃取工艺

以牡丹籽为原料,利用超临界CO_2萃取提取牡丹籽油.采用单因素试验对影响牡丹籽油得率的5个影响因素(筛分粒度、CO_2流量、压力、温度和时间)进行考察.以油得率为响应目标,对3个主要影响因素(筛分粒度、压力和温度)运用中心复合设计法,并经响应面法优化分析得到二次多项式回归方程预测模型,确定了超临界C_O2萃取牡丹籽油的最佳条件为:筛分粒度60目,CO_2流量20L/h,压力35MPa,温度45℃,时间120min.在较优提取条件下,牡丹籽油得率可达到24.22%.GC-MS结果表明牡丹籽油中富含不饱和脂肪酸,其中亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量分别为23.34%和66.85%.     

Rapid change in Yangtze fisheries and its implications for global freshwater ecosystem management

Freshwater capture fisheries are globally essential for food security and aquatic biodiversity conservation. The Yangtze River Basin is the third longest and one of the most human‐influenced drainage basins worldwide. Since the founding of P. R. China in 1949, this large river system has suffered increasing human perturbation and its sustainable development is now severely challenged. Meta‐analysis showed that Yangtze River fisheries have experienced an extraordinary process of utilization–over‐exploitation–protection during the past 70 years, to an extent that other globally important rivers may never have encountered. Its fisheries appear to have collapsed over the past four decades, with yield decreasing to only 25% of an historical peak of 400,000 metric tonnes in the late 1950s. Endemic, migratory and rare fishes have been highly threatened with obvious changes in fish community structure and aquatic biodiversity. Anthropogenic activities, including impoundment of water in dams, discharge of pollutants and riverine modification for vessel navigation, have caused large decreases in fisheries yields. Projections from surplus production modelling showed potential for improvement under fishing ban scenarios, but without any prospect for full recovery to historical stock status. This study revealed that the change in fisheries resources was dominated by the social–ecological watershed system, and an integrated approach to river basin management is warranted. Better management of freshwater ecosystems to integrate food security with biodiversity conservation is urgently needed throughout the world, and the changes evident in the Yangtze River fish populations can serve as an informative global reference.     

条斑紫菜藻红蛋白纯化方法的研究

为了解决目前藻红蛋白纯化方法过于复杂,处理量小等问题,采用“盐析→超滤→HA柱层析或DEAE-52柱层析”的工艺路线,建立了一种简化而高效的条斑紫菜藻红蛋白纯化方法。结果显示：1)对藻红蛋白纯度(以OD₅₆₁/OD₂₈₀表示)为0.365的条斑紫菜粗提物采用盐析法沉淀藻红蛋白时,得到藻红蛋白的纯度为0.45,回收率为90.53%;2)采用截留分子量为5万Da的超滤膜对藻红蛋白盐析物进行脱盐和出去小分子杂蛋白处理,得到的藻红蛋白的纯度为0.74,回收率为93.11%;3)进一步分别采用HA柱层析和DEAE-52柱层析纯化超滤液,藻红蛋白最高纯度分别为2.76和1.74,回收率分别为59.3%和56.81%。研究结果表明,采用盐析和超滤相结合的方法,可以较为方便而高效地得到食用级藻红蛋白,进一步通过HA柱层析,即可达到药用级的要求。     

草莓胡萝卜复合澄清汁后浑浊机理研究

为探讨草莓胡萝卜复合澄清汁的后浑浊机理,研究了化学试剂、贮藏温度和顶隙大小对草莓胡萝卜复合澄清汁的澄清度、褐变指数、黄烷醇类多酚含量、可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明：贮藏温度越高,包装顶隙越大,氧气存留越多,随贮藏时间延长,果蔬汁浑浊形成越多,褐变程度越大,黄烷醇类多酚降解程度越大,可溶性蛋白损失越多;果蔬汁中添加尿素和十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS),都能减少果蔬汁中浑浊的产生,抑制产品褐变,减缓黄烷醇类多酚的降解,减少可溶性蛋白的损失,说明氢键和疏水键都是和浑浊有关的化学键。蔗糖的添加对果蔬汁浑浊的形成没有太     

广东小耳花猪仔猪初生重对其产房死亡率的影响

为研究广东小耳花猪仔猪初生重对哺乳期死亡率的影响,研究对两栋分娩舍内272头广东小耳花猪仔猪的初生重和死亡率进行了统计分析。结果表明:初生重低于等于0.4千克的仔猪死亡率高达81.25%,初生重在0.41耀0.6千克的仔猪死亡率为12%,当仔猪初生重大于0.8千克的时候死亡率仅为3.61%。初生重越大的仔猪,其死亡率呈现降低趋势并走向稳定。仔猪的死亡高峰期为出生后的8天内,64%的仔猪在该时期内死亡。死亡仔猪的主要原因为病弱和压死,两者总共占比为68%。此外,对两栋分娩舍进行对比发现,初生重越大的仔猪,其断奶重也越高。     

Effect of sowing dates and fertilizer on the severity of stem borer (Busseola fusca Fuller,Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on sorghum in Eritrea

The influence of sowing date and fertilizer application on the incidence anddamage ofthe maize stemborer (Busseolafusca Fuller) in sorghum(Sorghumbicolor L.) was investigated at the Halhale Research Centre in Eritrea during 1997 - 99. The trials were conducted in a splitplot design with sowing date as the main plot and fertilizer as subplots. There were six sowing dates at an interval of 15 days starting fromearly April tomid-June. There were fertilized and unfertilized subplots. Data on larval count, per cent infestation, per cent deadheart, heading and maturity dates, plant height and yield were recorded for each plot. Fertilizer had no effect on the incidence and damage of the stem borer (B. fusca). There was no interaction between fertilizer and sowing dates on the larval population and damage by stem borers. Sowing date had a significant effect on stem borer incidence and damage levels. Early sowing dates (April 1 and 15) had a significantly lower number of larvae, infestation, deadheart and gave higher yields compared with the other sowing dates while late sowing dates (mid-May- mid-June) resulted in significantly higher infestation and damage. The highest infestation and damage were recorded from mid-May sowings. High stem borer infestations in delayed sowing was due to the coincidence of the susceptible stage of the crop (3 - 6 weeks after germination) with high populations ofstemborer larvae fromthe first generationin late June and July. Mid- and late sown crops were also later attacked by the second generation at the grain-filling stage in September- October. These results indicate that early planting (April) is effective in reducing stem borer damage on sorghum in the highlands of Eritrea.     

Ancient biomolecules from deep ice cores reveal a forested southern Greenland

It is difficult to obtain fossil data from the 10% of Earth's terrestrial surface that is covered by thick glaciers and ice sheets, and hence, knowledge of the paleoenvironments of these regions has remained limited. We show that DNA and amino acids from buried organisms can be recovered from the basal sections of deep ice cores, enabling reconstructions of past flora and fauna. We show that high-altitude southern Greenland, currently lying below more than 2 kilometers of ice, was inhabited by a diverse array of conifer trees and insects within the past million years. The results provide direct evidence in support of a forested southern Greenland and suggest that many deep ice cores may contain genetic records of paleoenvironments in their basal sections.     

Effects of conservation agriculture on runoff,soil loss and crop yield under rainfed conditions in Tigray,Northern Ethiopia

The aim of conservation agriculture (CA) is to improve soil quality and crop yield whilst reducing runoff and topsoil erosion. An experiment was carried out in a rainfed field using a permanent raised bed planting system for 3 yr (2005–2007) in Adigudem, northern Ethiopia in order to evaluate the effect of CA on runoff, soil loss and crop yield. CA practices were introduced in fields with Vertisols in a randomized complete block design on permanent 5 × 19 m plots. Three treatments were evaluated: (1) conventional tillage (CT) with a minimum of three tillage operations and removal of crop residues, (2) terwah (TER) that was similar to CT except that contour furrows were included at 1.5 m intervals, and (3) derdero+ (DER+), which consists of permanent raised beds with a furrow and bed system, retention of 30% of standing crop residues and zero tillage on the top of the bed. All ploughing as well as the maintenance of the furrows of the permanent raised beds was done using a local ard plough called maresha. Results from monitoring over 3 yr showed that soil loss and runoff were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in CT followed by TER and DER+. Average soil losses of 5.2, 20.1 and 24.2 t/ha were recorded from DER+, TER and CT, respectively. Runoff was 46.3, 76.3 and 98.1 mm from DER+, TER and CT, respectively. Grain yield was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in DER+ under teff in 2006, probably due to the high sensitivity of teff to weeds. The yield of wheat in 2007 was significantly higher in DER+ followed by TER. The terwah system is recommended as a first measure for wider adoption to reduce runoff and soil loss and to increase crop yield. The long‐term goal is to achieve a derdero+ system, i.e. a permanent raised bed planting system along with the application of crop residues.     

板栗壳中原花青素大孔吸附树脂分离纯化工艺优化

比较了12种大孔吸附树脂对板栗壳中原花青素的吸附与解吸性能,在静态吸附研究基础上,筛选出效果较好的树脂进行动态试验,并对所得组分原花青素含量及其相对分子量进行分析.结果表明,AB-8大孔吸附树脂分离纯化CSPCs效果最佳,上样质量浓度为1.864 mg/mL,流速为2 mL/min;当用体积分数为50％乙醇以1 mL/min的流速洗脱4个柱体积时,CSPCs的累积回收率可达94.2％,含量为89.8％.经质谱分析,分子量范围为289.4 ～1 154.9,聚合度在4以内.     

果胶酶对草莓果汁澄清效果的研究

澄清是果汁加工中的关键技术环节之一，利用果胶酶澄清果汁，有快速、简便、效果好等特点，在生产中有重要的应用价值。草莓中因含有果胶物质，制得的果汁易产生浑浊、沉淀等现象，严重影响产品的质量。用果胶酶对草莓果汁进行了单因素澄清试验及最适澄清工艺条件的研究。结果表明，果胶酶用量为0.035～0.075 mL/kg、温度35～45℃、pH 3.0～4.0的条件下澄清草莓果汁，透光率达97%以上，果汁中的可溶性固形物含量基本不变；在单因素试验的基础上，通过正交试验，果胶酶对草莓果汁澄清的最佳工艺条件是：果胶酶用量为0.035 mL/kg，温度为35℃，pH值为3.5。